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"eyes17-manuals-en_5.3.1+repack-1_all.deb", "unified_diff": null, "details": [{"source1": "file list", "source2": "file list", "unified_diff": "@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@\n -rw-r--r--   0        0        0        4 2023-11-05 11:10:27.000000 debian-binary\n -rw-r--r--   0        0        0     1072 2023-11-05 11:10:27.000000 control.tar.xz\n--rw-r--r--   0        0        0  4800964 2023-11-05 11:10:27.000000 data.tar.xz\n+-rw-r--r--   0        0        0  4802928 2023-11-05 11:10:27.000000 data.tar.xz\n"}, {"source1": "control.tar.xz", "source2": "control.tar.xz", "unified_diff": null, "details": [{"source1": "control.tar", "source2": "control.tar", "unified_diff": null, "details": [{"source1": "./control", "source2": "./control", "unified_diff": "@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@\n Package: eyes17-manuals-en\n Source: eyes17-manuals\n Version: 5.3.1+repack-1\n Architecture: all\n Maintainer: Georges Khaznadar <georgesk@debian.org>\n-Installed-Size: 4739\n+Installed-Size: 4741\n Recommends: calibre, evince\n Conflicts: eyes17 (<< 5.1)\n Provides: eyes17-manuals\n Section: science\n Priority: optional\n Homepage: http://expeyes.in/\n Description: Eyes17 User Manuals (English version)\n"}, {"source1": "./md5sums", "source2": "./md5sums", "unified_diff": null, "details": [{"source1": "./md5sums", "source2": "./md5sums", "comments": ["Files differ"], "unified_diff": null}]}]}]}, {"source1": "data.tar.xz", "source2": "data.tar.xz", "unified_diff": null, "details": [{"source1": "data.tar", "source2": "data.tar", "unified_diff": null, "details": [{"source1": "file list", "source2": "file list", "unified_diff": "@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@\n drwxr-xr-x   0 root         (0) root         (0)        0 2023-11-05 11:10:27.000000 ./\n drwxr-xr-x   0 root         (0) root         (0)        0 2023-11-05 11:10:27.000000 ./usr/\n drwxr-xr-x   0 root         (0) root         (0)        0 2023-11-05 11:10:27.000000 ./usr/share/\n drwxr-xr-x   0 root         (0) root         (0)        0 2023-11-05 11:10:27.000000 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./usr/share/doc/eyes17-manuals-en/copyright\n drwxr-xr-x   0 root         (0) root         (0)        0 2023-11-05 11:10:27.000000 ./usr/share/eyes17/\n drwxr-xr-x   0 root         (0) root         (0)        0 2023-11-05 11:10:27.000000 ./usr/share/eyes17/doc/\n lrwxrwxrwx   0 root         (0) root         (0)        0 2023-11-05 11:10:27.000000 ./usr/share/eyes17/doc/en -> ../../doc/eyes17/en\n"}, {"source1": "./usr/share/doc/eyes17/en/eyes17.pdf.gz", "source2": "./usr/share/doc/eyes17/en/eyes17.pdf.gz", "unified_diff": null, "details": [{"source1": "eyes17.pdf", "source2": "eyes17.pdf", "unified_diff": null, "details": [{"source1": "pdftotext {} -", "source2": "pdftotext {} -", "unified_diff": "@@ -52,190 +52,192 @@\n 2 School Level Experiments\n 2.1 Measuring Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 2.2 Measuring Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 2.3 Measuring Resistance series combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 2.4 Measuring Resistance parallel combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 2.5 Measuring Capacitance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 2.6 Measuring Capacitance in series combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n-2.7 Measure resistance by comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n-2.8 Direct and Alternating Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n-2.9 AC mains pickup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n-2.10 Separating DC & AC components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n-2.11 Human body as a conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n-2.12 Resistance of human body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n-2.13 Light dependent resistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n-2.14 Voltage of a lemon cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n-2.15 A simple AC generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n-2.16 AC Transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n-2.17 Resistance of water, using AC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n-2.18 Generating sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n-2.19 Digtizing sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n-2.20 Stroboscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n+2.7 Measuring Capacitance of a parallel combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n+2.8 Measure resistance by comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n+2.9 Direct and Alternating Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n+2.10 AC mains pickup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n+2.11 Separating DC & AC components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n+2.12 Human body as a conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n+2.13 Resistance of human body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n+2.14 Light dependent resistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n+2.15 Voltage of a lemon cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n+2.16 A simple AC generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n+2.17 AC Transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n+2.18 Resistance of water, using AC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n+2.19 Generating sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n+2.20 Digtizing sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n+2.21 Stroboscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n \n 11\n 11\n 12\n 13\n 13\n 14\n 15\n 15\n-17\n-19\n+16\n+18\n 19\n-21\n+20\n+22\n 23\n 24\n-24\n 25\n-27\n+26\n 28\n 29\n 30\n 31\n+32\n \n 3 Electronics\n 3.1 Oscilloscope and other Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 3.2 Half wave recti\ufb01er using PN junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 3.3 Fullwave recti\ufb01er using PN junctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 3.4 Clipping using PN junction diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 3.5 Clamping using PN junction diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 3.6 IC555 Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 3.7 Transistor Ampli\ufb01er CE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 3.8 Inverting Ampli\ufb01er . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n-3.9 Non-inverting Ampli\ufb01er . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n \n-33\n-33\n-37\n+35\n+35\n 39\n 41\n-42\n 43\n 44\n+45\n 46\n 48\n i\n \n-\f3.10\n+\f3.9\n+3.10\n 3.11\n 3.12\n 3.13\n 3.14\n 3.15\n \n+Non-inverting Ampli\ufb01er . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n Summing Ampli\ufb01er . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n Logic gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n Clock Divider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n Diode V-I characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n NPN Transistor Output characteristics (CE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n PNP Transistor Output characteristics (CE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n \n-49\n 50\n+51\n 52\n 54\n-55\n+56\n 57\n+59\n \n 4 Electricity and Magnetism\n 4.1 Plot I-V Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 4.2 XY plotting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 4.3 RLC circuits, steady state response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 4.4 LCR and Series Resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 4.5 Transient Response of RC circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 4.6 Transient Response of RL circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 4.7 Transient response of LCR circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 4.8 Frequency response of \ufb01lter circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 4.9 Electromagnetic induction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n \n-59\n-59\n-60\n 61\n+61\n+62\n 63\n 65\n-66\n 67\n+68\n 69\n-70\n+71\n+72\n \n 5 Sound\n 5.1 Frequency response of Piezo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 5.2 Velocity of sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 5.3 Sound beats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n \n-73\n-73\n-74\n 75\n+75\n+76\n+77\n \n 6 Mechanics\n 6.1 Acceleration due to gravity using Rod pendulum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 6.2 Digitizing Pendulum Oscillations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 6.3 Resonance of a driven pendulum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 6.4 Distance Measurement, Echo module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 6.5 Gravity by Time of Flight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n \n-77\n-77\n-78\n+79\n 79\n 80\n 81\n+82\n+83\n \n 7 Other experiments\n 7.1 Temperature measurement using PT100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 7.2 Data Logger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 7.3 Adanced Data Logger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n \n-83\n-83\n-84\n-84\n+85\n+85\n+86\n+86\n \n 8 I2C Modules\n 8.1 B-H Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 8.2 Light Sensor Logger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 8.3 MPU6050 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 8.4 I2C Logger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n \n-87\n-87\n-88\n 89\n 89\n+90\n+91\n+91\n \n 9 Coding expEYES-17 in Python\n 9.1 Establish Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 9.2 set_pv1(v), set_pv2(v) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 9.3 get_voltage(input) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 9.4 get_voltage_time(input) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 9.5 get_resistance() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 9.6 get_capacitance() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 9.7 get_version() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 9.8 get_temperature() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 9.9 set_state(OUPUT=value) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n-9.10 set_sine(frequency) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n \n-91\n-91\n-91\n-91\n-92\n-92\n-92\n-92\n-92\n 93\n 93\n+93\n+93\n+94\n+94\n+94\n+94\n+94\n+95\n \n ii\n \n-\f9.11\n+\f9.10\n+9.11\n 9.12\n 9.13\n 9.14\n 9.15\n 9.16\n 9.17\n 9.18\n@@ -245,49 +247,32 @@\n 9.22\n 9.23\n 9.24\n 9.25\n 9.26\n 9.27\n \n-set_sine_amp(amplitude) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n-set_sqr1(frequency) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n-set_sqr1_slow(frequency) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n-set_sqr2(frequency) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n-set_sqr1(frequency, dutyCyle) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n-get_freq(input) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n-duty_cycle(input) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n-r2ftime(input1, input2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n-multi_r2rtime(input, numCycles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n-select_range(channel, range) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n-select_range(channel, range) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n-capture1(Input, Number of samples, time interval) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n-capture2(Number of samples, time interval) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n-capture4(Number of samples, time interval) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n-set_wave(frequency, wavetype) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n-load_equation(function, span) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n-load_table(function, span) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n-\n-93\n-93\n-93\n-94\n-94\n-94\n-94\n-94\n-95\n-95\n-95\n-95\n-96\n-97\n-98\n-98\n-98\n+set_sine(frequency) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95\n+set_sine_amp(amplitude) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95\n+set_sqr1(frequency) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95\n+set_sqr1_slow(frequency) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95\n+set_sqr2(frequency) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96\n+set_sqr1(frequency, dutyCyle) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96\n+get_freq(input) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96\n+duty_cycle(input) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96\n+r2ftime(input1, input2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96\n+multi_r2rtime(input, numCycles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97\n+select_range(channel, range) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97\n+select_range(channel, range) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97\n+capture1(Input, Number of samples, time interval) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97\n+capture2(Number of samples, time interval) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98\n+capture4(Number of samples, time interval) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99\n+set_wave(frequency, wavetype) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100\n+load_equation(function, span) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100\n+load_table(function, span) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100\n \n iii\n \n \fiv\n \n \fCHAPTER\n \n@@ -742,381 +727,404 @@\n \u2022 Connect the capacitors as shown in the \ufb01gure.\n \u2022 Click on Capacitance on IN1 . Should not touch the circuit while measuring\n \n 2.6.3 Discussion\n For a series combination of capacitors, the e\ufb00ective capacitance is given by the relation C1 = C11 + C12 +\n . . ..\n \n-2.7 Measure resistance by comparison\n+2.7 Measuring Capacitance of a parallel combination\n+2.7.1 Objective\n+Measuring the capacitance of a parallel combination of capacitors.\n+\n+2.6. Measuring Capacitance in series combination\n+\n+15\n+\n+\fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n+\n+GND\n+\n+IN1\n+C2\n+\n+C1\n+2.7.2 Procedure for two capacitors\n+\u2022 Connect the capacitors as shown in the \ufb01gure.\n+\u2022 Click on Capacitance on IN1 . Should not touch the circuit while measuring\n+\n+2.7.3 Discussion\n+For parallel combination, the e\ufb00ective capacitance is given by C = C1 + C2 + . . ..\n+\n+2.8 Measure resistance by comparison\n According to Ohm\u2019s law, current through a conductor and the potential di\ufb00erence between it\u2019s end are\n proportional. The constant of proportionality is called the resistance. Mathematically R = VI . When\n-V2\n V1\n+V2\n+two resistors are connected in series, the current will be same through both. I = R\n = R\n . if the value\n-two resistors are connected in series, the current will be same through both. I = R\n 1\n 2\n of one resistance and the voltage across both are known, the other resistance can be calculated from\n R1 = R2 \u00d7 VV12\n \n-2.6. Measuring Capacitance in series combination\n-\n-15\n-\n-\fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n-\n-2.7.1 Objective\n+2.8.1 Objective\n Find the value of an unknown resistance by comparing it with a known resistance, using the equations\n given above. Assume R1 is the unknown resistance and R2 is 1000\u2126\n \n PV1\n \n A1\n \n R1\n \n+16\n+\n GND\n \n R2\n \n-2.7.2 Procedure\n+Chapter 2. School Level Experiments\n+\n+\fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n+\n+2.8.2 Procedure\n \u2022 Fix the two resisters in series on a bread board.\n \u2022 Connect the junction to A1\n \u2022 Connect the other end of R2(1 k\u2126) to Ground.\n \u2022 Connect one end of R1 to PV1\n \u2022 Set PV1 to 4 volts.\n \u2022 Enable the Checkbutton on top right, to measure the DC voltage at A1.\n-and R1 can be calculated using R1 = VP V 1I\u2212VA1 .\n Current I = VRA1\n+and R1 can be calculated using R1 = VP V 1I\u2212VA1 .\n 2\n \n-2.7.3 Ohm\u2019s law in AC circuits\n+2.8.3 Ohm\u2019s law in AC circuits\n It can be easily shown that this measurement can be done using AC also. We will use both A1 and A2\n inputs here.\n \u2022 Fix the two resisters in series on a bread board.\n \u2022 Connect the junction to A2\n \u2022 Connect the other end of R2(1 k\u2126) to Ground.\n \u2022 Connect one end of R1 to both WG and A1\n \u2022 Set WG to 1000Hz\n \u2022 Enable A1 and A2\n \u2022 Enable the Cursor Check button to diplay the voltages at the cursor\n 1.92\n-Taking voltage reading from the picture below, I = 1000\n and R1 = 3.01\u22121.92\n+Taking voltage reading from the picture below, I = 1000\n 0.00192 = 576.7\n \n-16\n+2.8. Measure resistance by comparison\n \n-Chapter 2. School Level Experiments\n+17\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n-2.7.4 Discussion\n+2.8.4 Discussion\n In this measurements we have made the assumption that no current \ufb02ows in to A1 and A2. This is not\n true, they both have an input impedance of 1M \u2126 . This will matter when we use resistance values of\n mega Ohms range. To illustrate this connect WG to A1 using a wire and the same signal to A2 through\n a 1M \u2126 resistor. Try to explain the results using Ohm\u2019s law.\n \n-2.8 Direct and Alternating Currents\n+2.9 Direct and Alternating Currents\n The magnitude and direction of current from a drycell does not change with time. It is called DC or\n dirrect current. The mains supply we get is of di\ufb00erent kind. The mains supply in India is 230V at 50\n Hz. A frequency of 50 Hz means the change in voltage repeats every 20 milliseconds. If we measure the\n voltage across the phase\n and neutral terminals of a household power socket, the voltage will increase from\n \u221a\n zero to 325V (230 2) in 5 mS and it will be back to zero in the next 5 mS. During the third 5mS it will\n reach -325V and will again reach zero during the fourth 5mS. These type of current is called alternating\n current (AC). To study the behavior of AC, an oscilloscope is required.\n \n-2.8.1 Objective\n+2.9.1 Objective\n Introduce the concept of time dependent voltages, using a V (t) graph. Compare the graph of DC and\n AC.\n \n PV1\n \n A2\n \n WG\n \n-2.8. Direct and Alternating Currents\n-\n A1\n \n-17\n-\n-\fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n-\n-2.8.2 Procedure\n+2.9.2 Procedure\n \u2022 Connect WG to A1 and PV1 to A2, using wires.\n \u2022 Set PV1 to 2 volts and Set WG to 1000 Hz\n \u2022 Enable analyse on A1, to measure amplitude and frequency.\n \u2022 Enable A2\n The observed results are shown here.\n \n+18\n+\n+Chapter 2. School Level Experiments\n+\n+\fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n+\n This should not lead to a conclusion the voltages are either DC or AC. There could be combination of\n both. For example, take the case of a squarewave that changes between 0 and 5V.\n \u2022 Connect SQ1 to A1\n \u2022 Set range of A1 to 8V. Adjust trigger a bit for a stable trace.\n \u2022 Set PV1 to 2 volts and Set WG to 1000 Hz\n Is the graph shown below is AC or DC ? It is a 2.5 DC plus an AC changing from -2.5V to +2.5V.\n Separating these components will be explained in the coming sections.\n \n If the voltage is not changing with time, it is pure DC. If it is changing with time, it has an AC component.\n if the average voltage is zero, it is pure DC.\n \n-18\n-\n-Chapter 2. School Level Experiments\n-\n-\fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n-\n-2.9 AC mains pickup\n+2.10 AC mains pickup\n A changing magnetic \ufb01eld will be present near the wires carrying AC. Voltage will be induced between\n the ends of a conductor placed in this \ufb01eld. We can explore this by connecting one end of a long wire to\n the measuring equipment.\n \n-2.9.1 Objective\n+2.10.1 Objective\n Learn about the AC mains supply. Explore the phenomenon of propagation of AC through free space.\n \n Wire near power line\n A3\n \n but NO connection\n \n+2.10. AC mains pickup\n+\n Mains\n Power\n Socket\n \n-2.9.2 Procedure\n+19\n+\n+\fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n+\n+2.10.2 Procedure\n \u2022 Connect a long wire to A1\n \u2022 Take one end of the wire near the AC mains line, without touching any mains supply.\n \u2022 Enable A1, and it\u2019s analysis.\n \n The amplitude of the pickup depends on the wattage of the electrical equipment operating nearby, distance\n to them and on the length of the wire used.\n \n-2.10 Separating DC & AC components\n+2.11 Separating DC & AC components\n A capacitor does not allow DC to pass through it. This property can be demonstrated using a squarewave\n swinging from 0 to 5V.\n \n-2.9. AC mains pickup\n-\n-19\n-\n-\fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n-\n SQ1\n \n A1\n 1uF\n A2\n \n GND\n \n+20\n+\n 100K\n \n-2.10.1 Objective\n+Chapter 2. School Level Experiments\n+\n+\fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n+\n+2.11.1 Objective\n Separate the AC component of a 0 to 5V sqauarewave.\n \n-2.10.2 Procedure\n+2.11.2 Procedure\n \u2022 Set SQ1 to 1000 Hz.\n \u2022 Connect SQ1 to A1\n \u2022 Conenct SQ1 to A2 through a 0.1\u00b5F capacitor\n \n-20\n-\n-Chapter 2. School Level Experiments\n-\n-\fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n-\n-2.10.3 Discussion\n+2.11.3 Discussion\n The observed waveforms with and without the series capacitor are shown in \ufb01gure. The voltage is swinging between 0 and 5 volts. After passing through the capacitor the voltage swings from -2.5 volts to +2.5\n volts.\n What will you get if you subtract a 2.5 from the y-coordinate of every point of the \ufb01rst graph? That is\n what the capacitor did. It did not allow the DC part to pass through. This original square wave can be\n considered as a 2.5V AC superimposed on a 2.5V DC.\n In case the output on A2 is having a DC component, connect a 100k\u2126 resistor from A2 to GND.\n \n-2.11 Human body as a conductor\n+2.11. Separating DC & AC components\n+\n+21\n+\n+\fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n+\n+2.12 Human body as a conductor\n It is well known that touching the mains supply is fatal. This is because our body conducts electricity.\n At the same time you cannot light an LED from a drycell by using your \ufb01ngers to make the connection.\n We can explore this further using the low voltage AC and DC sources of ExpEYES.\n \n-2.11.1 Objective\n+2.12.1 Objective\n To study the electrical conduction of human body\n \n-2.11.2 Procedure\n+2.12.2 Procedure\n \n A1\n \n A2\n \n WG\n hand hand\n \u2022 Connect a wire from WG to A1\n \u2022 Connect one end of a wire to WG\n \u2022 Connect one end of another wire to A2\n \u2022 Enable A1, A2 and their amplitude and frequency display.\n \u2022 Hold the unconnected ends of both wires by your hands.\n \u2022 Repeat it using a 3 volt DC signal from PV1.\n+The observed voltage waveforms are shown below. The voltage on A2 is slightly less than 3volts, due to\n+the resistance of the body.\n \n-2.11. Human body as a conductor\n+22\n \n-21\n+Chapter 2. School Level Experiments\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n-The observed voltage waveforms are shown below. The voltage on A2 is slightly less than 3volts, due to\n-the resistance of the body.\n-\n-2.11.3 Discussion\n+2.12.3 Discussion\n Using DC the voltage reaching A2 is smaller, which means that body conducts AC better than DC.\n The voltage measured at A2 is decided by the ratio of the resistance o\ufb00ered by the body and the input impedance (1M \u2126) of A2. The phase di\ufb00erence between the two waves implies that there is some\n capacitance present in the circuit.\n Is the conduction happening through the surface of the body or through the blood stream? How to answer\n this question? What is the salt content of blod? Try measuring the resistance of salt water. What is the\n role played by the skin?\n There could be some ripple due to the 50Hz AC pickup. This can be eliminated by performing the\n experiment far away from power lines, using a laptop.\n \n-22\n-\n-Chapter 2. School Level Experiments\n-\n-\fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n-\n-2.12 Resistance of human body\n+2.13 Resistance of human body\n We have seen that an unknown resistance can be measured by comparing with a known resistance by\n connecting them in series and measuring the voltages across them. This technique can be used to measure\n the resistance of human body.\n \n-2.12.1 Objective\n+2.13.1 Objective\n Measure the resistance of human body by comparing it with a known resistor, for DC and AC voltages.\n \n+2.13. Resistance of human body\n+\n+23\n+\n+\fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n+\n A1\n \n A2\n \n PV1\n \n GND\n \n 100K\n \n hand hand\n \n-2.12.2 Procedure\n+2.13.2 Procedure\n \u2022 Set PV1 to 3 volts\n \u2022 Connect a wire from PV1 to A1\n \u2022 Connect one end of a wire to PV1\n \u2022 Connect one end of another wire to A2\n \u2022 Connect a 100\u2126 resistor from A2 to ground.\n \u2022 Enable the Checkboxes to display A1 and A2\n \u2022 Hold the unconnected ends of both wires by your hands.\n \u2022 Repeat using SINE instead of PV1.\n \u2022 Enable amplitude and frequency display for A1 and A2.\n \n-2.12.3 Discussion\n+2.13.3 Discussion\n The AC resistance is less than the DC resistance. The resistance is due to our skin and AC can pass\n through this, like it passes through the dielectric material of a capacitor. A bit of exploring will reveal\n that a capacitor is formed between the tip of the wire and blood inside with the skin acting as a dielectric.\n Explore the e\ufb00ect of a metal plate at the tip of the wire.\n \n-2.12. Resistance of human body\n+2.14 Light dependent resistors\n+The resistance of an LDR reduces with the intensity of light falling on it. This can be measured using\n+the SEN terminal.\n \n-23\n+24\n \n-\fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n+Chapter 2. School Level Experiments\n \n-2.13 Light dependent resistors\n-The resistance of an LDR reduces with the intensity of light falling on it. This can be measured using\n-the SEN terminal.\n+\fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n-2.13.1 Objective\n+2.14.1 Objective\n Learn about LDR. Measure intensity of light and its variation with distance from the source.\n \n A1\n Light\n Source\n \n SEN\n GND\n \n Light Dependent\n Resistor\n \n-2.13.2 Procedure\n+2.14.2 Procedure\n \u2022 Connect the LDR from SEN to ground\n \u2022 Connect a wire from SEN to A1\n \u2022 Measure the LDR\u2019s resistance, for di\ufb00erent light intensities.\n \u2022 Iluminate LDR using a \ufb02uorescent lamp, A1 should show ripples\n \u2022 Set the time base to 200mS full scale\n \u2022 Put A1 in AC mode, using the switch, and measure ripple frequency\n \n-2.13.3 Discussion\n+2.14.3 Discussion\n The resistance vary from 1k\u2126 to around 100 k\u2126 depending on the intensity of light falling on it. The\n voltage is proportional to the resistance. The resistance decreases with intensity of light. If you use a\n point source of light, the resistance should increase as the square of the distance between the LDR and\n the light source. The light from a \ufb02uorescent lamp operating at 50Hz has 100Hz ripples and these can\n be measured.\n \n-2.14 Voltage of a lemon cell\n+2.15 Voltage of a lemon cell\n A lemon cell is formed by inserting Copper and Zinc plates in to a lemon, or any dilute acid. The voltage\n developed across the electrodes is very small and the cell has a very high internal resistance. Due to this\n the voltage drops when a load resistor is connected.\n \n-24\n+2.15.1 Objective\n+Make a lemon cell and explore it\u2019s internal resistance.\n \n-Chapter 2. School Level Experiments\n+2.15. Voltage of a lemon cell\n \n-\fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n+25\n \n-2.14.1 Objective\n-Make a lemon cell and explore it\u2019s internal resistance.\n+\fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n GND\n \n 1K\n Zn\n \n Cu\n \n A1\n \n LEMON\n \n-2.14.2 Procedure\n+2.15.2 Procedure\n \u2022 Connect the electrodes to A1 and Ground\n \u2022 Enable Checkbutton for displaying the voltage at A1\n \u2022 Connect a 1000\u2126 resistance across the electrodes.\n \u2022 Measure the voltage again, to note down the reduction in it.\n \n-2.14.3 Discussion\n+2.15.3 Discussion\n Voltage across the Copper and Zinc terminals is nearly .9 volts. Connecting the resistor reduces it to 0.33\n volts. When connected, current will start \ufb02owing through the resistor. But why is the voltage going down\n ?\n What is the internal resistance of the cell ?\n Current is the \ufb02ow of charges and it has to complete the path. That means, current has to \ufb02ow through\n the cell also. Depending on the internal resistance of the cell, part of the voltage gets dropped inside the\n cell itself. Does the same happen with a new dry-cell ?\n \n-2.15 A simple AC generator\n+2.16 A simple AC generator\n A voltage will be induced across a conductor placed in a changing magnetic \ufb01eld. This can be demonstrated by making a simple AC generator. Use the 10 mm x 10 mm magnet and the 3000T coils that\n comes with the kit.\n \n-2.15. A simple AC generator\n+2.16.1 Objective\n+Measure the frequency and amplitude of the voltage induced across a solenoid coil kept near a rotating\n+magnet. Use more than one coils to generate multi-phase AC.\n \n-25\n+26\n+\n+Chapter 2. School Level Experiments\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n-2.15.1 Objective\n-Measure the frequency and amplitude of the voltage induced across a solenoid coil kept near a rotating\n-magnet. Use more than one coils to generate multi-phase AC.\n Rotating\n Magnet\n \n A2\n GND\n 1.5V\n CELL\n@@ -1127,45 +1135,45 @@\n Coil\n \n DC\n MOTOR\n \n GND\n \n-2.15.2 Procedure\n+2.16.2 Procedure\n \u2022 Mount the magnet horizontally and power the DC motor from a 1.5 volts cell\n \u2022 Enable A1 and A2, with analysis option\n \u2022 Set timebase to 100 mS full scale\n \u2022 Bring the coil near the magnet (not to touch it), watch the induced voltage\n \u2022 Repeat the experiment using 2 coils.\n \n-2.15.3 Discussion\n+2.16.3 Discussion\n The voltage output is shown in \ufb01gure. The phase di\ufb00erence between the two voltages depends on the\n angle between the axes of the two coils.\n Bring a shorted coil near the magnet to observe the change in frequency. The shorted coil is drawing\n energy from the generator and the speed get reduced. The magnetic \ufb01eld in this generator is very weak.\n The resistance of the coil is very high and trying to draw any current from it will drop most of the voltage\n across the coil itself.\n \n-26\n+2.16. A simple AC generator\n \n-Chapter 2. School Level Experiments\n+27\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n-2.16 AC Transformer\n+2.17 AC Transformer\n There will be a time varying magnetic \ufb01eld around a conductor carrying AC. A voltage will be induced\n across another conductor placed in this \ufb01eld. This is the working principle of a transformer, that can be\n demonstrated using the two coils included in the kit.\n \n-2.16.1 Objective\n+2.17.1 Objective\n Construct a transformer demonstrate mutual induction using two coils. One coil, the primary, is connected between WG and Ground. The axes of the coils are aligned and any ferromagnetic material may\n be inserted for better coupling.\n \n-2.16.2 Procedure\n+2.17.2 Procedure\n \n WG\n \n A1\n \n COIL1\n \n@@ -1177,120 +1185,120 @@\n \n \u2022 Make connections as shown in the \ufb01gure\n \u2022 Enable A1 and A2\n \u2022 Set WG to 1000 Hz\n \u2022 Bring the coils close and watch the voltage on A2.\n \u2022 Try inserting an iron core, a nail or screwdriver also would do.\n \n-2.16. AC Transformer\n+28\n \n-27\n+Chapter 2. School Level Experiments\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n-2.16.3 Discussion\n+2.17.3 Discussion\n The applied waveform and the induced waveform are shown in \ufb01gure. A changing magnetic \ufb01led is\n causing the induced voltage. In the previous two experiments, the changing magnetic \ufb01eld was created\n by the movement of permanent magnets. In the present case the changing magnetic \ufb01eld is created by a\n time varying current.\n Try doing this experiment using a squarewave. Connect a 1k\u2126 resistor across secondary coil to reduce\n ringing.\n \n-2.17 Resistance of water, using AC\n+2.18 Resistance of water, using AC\n Resistance of water is an indication of it\u2019s purity. Water conducts mostly due to the dissolved salts. If\n you have never tried measuring the resistance of ordinary tap water try doing it with a multimeter. Are\n you getting a stable reading ?\n \n-2.17.1 Objective\n+2.18.1 Objective\n Measure the resistance of ionic solutions, using AC voltages, using normal tap water.\n \n WG\n \n A1\n \n R\n \n A2\n \n GND\n R1\n \n Water\n-2.17.2 Procedure\n+2.18.2 Procedure\n \u2022 Make connections as shown in the diagram\n \u2022 Choose the resistor comparable to that of water, start with 10k.\n \u2022 Enable A1 and A2 with the amplitude and frequency display options.\n Calculate the resistance using the method of comparing with a known resistance. Current \ufb02owing I =\n VA2\n R1\n A2\n A2\n Resistance o\ufb00ered by water Rw = VA1 \u2212V\n = VA1V\u2212V\n \u00d7 R1 .\n I\n A2\n \n-28\n+2.18. Resistance of water, using AC\n \n-Chapter 2. School Level Experiments\n+29\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n-2.17.3 Discussion\n+2.18.3 Discussion\n The experiment may be repeated using DC from PV1. Use the DC displays of A1 and A2 while using\n DC. With DC, the resistance of the liquid changes with time, but AC gives a steady reading. When done\n using water in a cup with two wire ends dippped in it, the resistance does not depend much on the distance\n between the electrodes, the area of the electrode is having some e\ufb00ect. To \ufb01nd out the resistivity of water\n we need to use a column of water in a tube, with electrode plates at both ends.\n The resistance depends on the ion concentration and presence of impurities in the water used. Try adding\n some common salt and repeat the measurements.\n Why is the behavior di\ufb00erent for AC and DC ? What are the charge carriers responsible for the \ufb02ow of\n electricity through solutions ? Is there any chemical reaction taking place ?\n \n-2.18 Generating sound\n+2.19 Generating sound\n Electrical signals can be converted into sound using devices like loudspeaker, Piezo buzzer etc. We use\n a buzzer because available loudspeakers have a low impedance and require more current.\n \n-2.18.1 Objective\n+2.19.1 Objective\n Generate sound from electrical signals, using a Piezo-electric buzzer.\n \n-2.18.2 Procedure\n+2.19.2 Procedure\n \n WG\n GND\n \n Piezo\n Disc\n \n \u2022 Enable A1, and its analysis\n \n-2.18. Generating sound\n+30\n \n-29\n+Chapter 2. School Level Experiments\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n \u2022 Set WG to 1000Hz, change it using the Slider provided and listen to the sound.\n \n-2.18.3 Discussion\n+2.19.3 Discussion\n When you change the frequency of the voltage that excites the Piezo, both the frequency and the intesity\n of the sound changes. The intensity is maximum near 3500 Hz, due to resonance. The resonant frequency\n of the Piezo buzzer is decided by its size and the mechanical properties.\n \n-2.19 Digtizing sound\n+2.20 Digtizing sound\n Sound waves create pressure variations in the medium through which it travel. The microphone generates\n a voltage proportional to the pressure change. You can consider the microphone as a pressure sensor, but\n working only for time varying pressures.\n \n-2.19.1 Objective\n+2.20.1 Objective\n Digitize sound signals from a microphone, and measure its frequency. Use the Piezo buzzer or any other\n source of sound like a tuning fork.\n \n-2.19.2 Procedure\n+2.20.2 Procedure\n \n MIC\n \n GND\n \n Source of Sound\n Whistle, buzzer etc\n@@ -1299,66 +1307,72 @@\n \u2022 Enable CheckButton MIC and it\u2019s amplitude and frequency display.\n \u2022 Position the buzzer facing the microphone\n \u2022 Set WG to 1000Hz, change it and watch the MIC output\n \u2022 Use a whistle instead of the buzzer\n \u2022 Press Fourier Transform\u2019 while signal is steady to analyze it.\n The microphone output is shown in \ufb01gure.\n \n-30\n+2.20. Digtizing sound\n \n-Chapter 2. School Level Experiments\n+31\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n-2.19.3 Discussion\n+2.20.3 Discussion\n The ability to capture sound and measure it\u2019s frequency leads to several experiments. Making sound by\n blowing air in to one end closed tubes can be used for measuring the velocity of sound in air.\n \n-2.20 Stroboscope\n+2.21 Stroboscope\n A stroboscope is an instrument used to make a cyclically moving object appear to be slow-moving, or\n stationary. It consists of light source which produces brief repetitive \ufb02ashes of light. If a body rotating at\n some frequency is illuminated with a light \ufb02ashing at the same frequency, it is visible only when it is at\n a particular position. This gives an impression that it is stationary. If the two frequencies di\ufb00er slightly,\n the body will apprear to move very slowly.\n \n-2.20.1 Objective\n+2.21.1 Objective\n Observation of a rotating body with a periodic \ufb02ashed light, using a disk with a marker.\n \n LED\n \n SQ1\n \n Disc\n \n-2.20.2 Procedure\n+2.21.2 Procedure\n \n Motor\n \n GND\n \u2022 The disk is rotated by powering the motor by a 1.5 V cell.\n \u2022 Connect a white LED to SQ1\n \n-2.20. Stroboscope\n+32\n \n-31\n+Chapter 2. School Level Experiments\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n \u2022 Set the dutycycle of SQ1 to 20% or less\n \u2022 Adjust the frequency of SQ1, to make the disk appear stationary\n \u2022 You need a dark area, no other light should fall on the body.\n \n-2.20.3 Discussion\n+2.21.3 Discussion\n When the frequency of the phenomenon under observation and the frequency of the \ufb02ashing light are\n matching, one can see a still image.\n What happens when the frequency of the light is slightly increased, or slightly decreased?\n What happens when the frequency of the \ufb02ashing light is twice the frequency of the phenomenon? and\n when it is the half of its value?\n \n-32\n+2.21. Stroboscope\n+\n+33\n+\n+\fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n+\n+34\n \n Chapter 2. School Level Experiments\n \n \fCHAPTER\n \n THREE\n \n@@ -1395,15 +1409,15 @@\n the Check-Button given on the GUI, you can enable CCS.\n \u2022 PV1 and PV2: Programmable Voltages\n The output of this terminal can be set anywhere from -5V to +5V, using software. The voltage\n can be veri\ufb01ed by connecting a voltmeter between PV1 and ground. PV2 is a similar output\n but the range is only from \u22123.3 V to +3.3 V . The voltages can be set from the GUI, using\n Sliders or Text-Entry widgets.\n \n-33\n+35\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n \u2022 SQ1: Square Wave Generator\n This terminal can generate a Square wave that changes from 0 to 5 V . The frequency can be\n set from the GUI from 1Hz to 5kHz, but it can be programmed to generate 0.1Hz to 1MHz.\n SQ1 has a 100\u2126 series resistor so that LEDs can be directly connected.\n@@ -1447,15 +1461,15 @@\n 0 and 3 to 5 V . A Push-Button provided for measurement.\n \u2022 SEN: Input for measuring resistance\n This is actually a voltage measurement terminal that is is internally connected to 3.3 V via a\n 5.1 k\u2126 resistor. We calculate the value of the externally connected load by using Ohm\u2019s law.\n This terminal is mostly used for connecting resistive sensors like photo-transistors, for time\n interval measurements.\n \n-34\n+36\n \n Chapter 3. Electronics\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n \u2022 A1 and A2: Voltage measurement terminal\n Functions as voltmeter and oscilloscope inputs. Maximum Input range \u00b1 16 V . An AC/DC\n@@ -1481,15 +1495,15 @@\n \n The GUI menubar consists of several pulldown menus for di\ufb00erent categories of experiments. The left\n side of the the screen is the four channel oscilloscope window. On the right side there are Buttons, Sliders\n and Text Fields for accessing the hardware features explained earlier.\n \n 3.1. Oscilloscope and other Equipment\n \n-35\n+37\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 3.1.4 Oscilloscope Controls\n \u2022 Channel Selection\n The four channels A1, A2, A3 and MIC can be selected for display using the Check buttons\n on lower half of the right side.\n@@ -1526,15 +1540,15 @@\n \u2022 The value of the resistance connected between SEN and GND is displayed below the DC voltage\n displays.\n \u2022 Next is a Button for measuring the capacitance connected between IN1 and GND.\n \u2022 A Button is available for measuring the frequency of a digital pulse at IN2. The signals should be\n swinging from zero to 5 volts.\n \u2022 Two CheckButtons are provided for selecting OD1 and CCS.\n \n-36\n+38\n \n Chapter 3. Electronics\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n \u2022 A pulldown Menu is given for selecting the waveshape of WG. When SQR is selected, the output\n shifts to SQ2. There is also a menu to select the amplitude of WG output. The allowed values are\n@@ -1566,23 +1580,23 @@\n \u2022 Fix the diode on a bread board\n \u2022 Make connections and observe the output\n \u2022 Connect a 1 k\u2126 load resistor, note the di\ufb00erence in amplitude\n The output is shown below.\n \n 3.2. Half wave recti\ufb01er using PN junction\n \n-37\n+39\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n \u2022 Connect a 1\u00b5F capacitor, and see the \ufb01ltering e\ufb00ect.\n \u2022 Try di\ufb00erent values load resistors and \ufb01lter capacitors\n The e\ufb00ect of the RC \ufb01lter is shown below.\n \n-38\n+40\n \n Chapter 3. Electronics\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 3.2.3 Discussion\n The negative half is removed by the diode as shown in \ufb01gure. The output is a bit noisy and there is some\n@@ -1602,15 +1616,15 @@\n A half wave recti\ufb01er output depends on the \ufb01lter capacitor for a long duration to provide DC output. This\n results in larger ripple and not suitable for higher current. A fullwave recti\ufb01er solves this by providing\n output for both negative and positive halfcycles. However it requires two out of phase AC inputs, generally\n provided by a transformer with a center tap.\n \n 3.3. Fullwave recti\ufb01er using PN junctions\n \n-39\n+41\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 3.3.1 Objective\n Make a full wave recti\ufb01er, using two diodes. Two AC waveforms, di\ufb00ering by 180 degree in phase, are\n provided by the WG and W\u00afG outputs.\n \n@@ -1629,15 +1643,15 @@\n GND\n \n 3.3.2 Procedure\n \u2022 Make connections on a breadboard\n \u2022 Enable A1, A2 and A3\n \u2022 Set WG to 1000Hz and adjust timebase to view 4 to 5 cycles\n \n-40\n+42\n \n Chapter 3. Electronics\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 3.3.3 Discussion\n Adding capacitors to reduce the ripple is left as an exercise to the user. This experiment is only to\n@@ -1667,15 +1681,15 @@\n \u2022 Make connections on a bread board as shown in the \ufb01gure\n \u2022 set WG to 1000 Hz\n \u2022 Change PV1 to change the clipping level\n \u2022 Reverse the direction of the diode to clip the opposite side\n \n 3.4. Clipping using PN junction diode\n \n-41\n+43\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 3.4.3 Discussion\n The clipping level is decided by the applied DC voltage and the diode drop.\n \n 3.5 Clamping using PN junction diode\n@@ -1697,15 +1711,15 @@\n \n PV1\n \n GND\n \n \u2022 Make connections as shown in the \ufb01gure.\n \n-42\n+44\n \n Chapter 3. Electronics\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n \u2022 Set WG to 1000 Hz\n \u2022 Load resistor may be omitted, if it distorts the output\n@@ -1750,15 +1764,15 @@\n \n 5\n 1\n \n 0,1 \u00b5F\n GND\n \n-43\n+45\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n \u2022 Make connections\n \u2022 measure frequency and duty cycle.\n \u2022 Repeat by changing the value of R1.\n The output waveform is shown below. The frequency and dutycycle can be calculated using the equations\n@@ -1777,15 +1791,15 @@\n frequency and duty cycle.\n \n 3.7 Transistor Ampli\ufb01er CE\n The experiment to draw the transistor characteristics can be modi\ufb01ed to convert it into a common emitter\n ampli\ufb01er. All we need to do is to make a potential divider network to reduce the amplitude of WG to a\n value less than 80 mV. This reduced output is connected to the base through a 1\u00b5F capacitor.\n \n-44\n+46\n \n Chapter 3. Electronics\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 3.7.1 Objective\n Demonstrates the ampli\ufb01er action of an NPN transistor in the common emitter con\ufb01guration.\n@@ -1819,15 +1833,15 @@\n \u2022 Set WG amplitude to 80mV.\n \u2022 Enable A1 and A2\n \u2022 Use the slider to change base voltage to observe the shift in operating point.\n The output is shown below. It can be seen that the input and output signals are 180 degree out of phase.\n \n 3.7. Transistor Ampli\ufb01er CE\n \n-45\n+47\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 3.7.3 Discussion\n The base current is set the PV2 voltage applied via the 100 k\u2126 resistor. This sets DC operating point of\n the circuit.Choose this to get minimum distortion in the output.\n \n@@ -1847,15 +1861,15 @@\n 1 k\u03a9\n \n 2\n 3\n \n WG\n GND\n-46\n+48\n \n 7\n \u2212\n +\n \n 6\n 4\n@@ -1875,15 +1889,15 @@\n The amplitude gain and and the phase di\ufb00erence can be observed from the output below.\n \n 3.8.3 Discussion\n Using expEYES, it is not possible to study the high frequency response.\n \n 3.8. Inverting Ampli\ufb01er\n \n-47\n+49\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 3.9 Non-inverting Ampli\ufb01er\n This experiment is very similar to the previous one, the inverting ampli\ufb01er.\n \n 3.9.1 Objective\n@@ -1917,15 +1931,15 @@\n \u2022 Set WG amplitude to 80 mV and frequency to 1000 Hz\n \u2022 Enable A1 and A2, and set ranges to 1V\n \u2022 Enable the amplitude and frequency displays of A1 and A2.\n \u2022 Make connections and calculate the voltage gain from the output\n \u2022 Change gain by changing the resistor values.\n The amplitude gain and and the phase di\ufb00erence can be observed from the output below.\n \n-48\n+50\n \n Chapter 3. Electronics\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 3.9.3 Discussion\n Using expEYES, it is not possible to study the high frequency response.\n@@ -1955,15 +1969,15 @@\n \n +\n V-\n \n \u2022 Make the circuit on bread board, as shown. Use 1k\u2126 for all resistors\n 3.10. Summing Ampli\ufb01er\n \n-49\n+51\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n \u2022 Set PV1 and PV2 to 1V each\n \u2022 Enable A1, A2 and A3\n \u2022 Observe the outputs. Verify that the output is the sum of inputs\n R1\n@@ -2025,25 +2039,25 @@\n \u2022 On a bread board, wire one of the circuits shown above.\n \u2022 Enable A1, A2 ands A3. Set input range on A1 and A2 to 16V\n \u2022 Set SQ1 to 500 Hz and WG to 1000 Hz\n \u2022 Select SQ2 from the WG wave shape\n \u2022 Shift the traces using the vertical sliders on the left, for better view.\n The results for the OR gate made using the diodes is shown below.\n \n-50\n+52\n \n Chapter 3. Electronics\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n The results for the AND gate made using the IC 7408 is shown below.\n \n 3.11. Logic gates\n \n-51\n+53\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 3.11.3 Discussion\n The working of the logic gate will be evident from the 3 waveforms. You may shift traces vertically to\n separate them for clarity.\n \n@@ -2079,28 +2093,28 @@\n 6\n \n GND\n \u2022 Enable A1 and A2, set range to 8 volts fullscale\n \u2022 Set SQ1 to 1000 Hz\n For a symmetric input, the input and output waveforms are shown below.\n \n-52\n+54\n \n Chapter 3. Electronics\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 3.12.3 Discussion\n The output toggles at every rising edge of the input, resulting in a division of frequency by two. The\n output is a symmetric squarewave, irrespective of the duty cycle of the input pulse, as shown below.\n Every rising edge of the input results in a level change at the output.\n \n 3.12. Clock Divider\n \n-53\n+55\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 3.13 Diode V-I characteristics\n The current through a PN jnction varies in a non-linear fashion with the voltage applied across it. The\n current is very small until the applied voltage exceeds the forward voltage of the diode. This can be\n visualized by plotting the current against the voltage.\n@@ -2124,15 +2138,15 @@\n \u2022 Analyse the data\n \u2022 Plot the IV of LEDs\n \n It is possible to do this by manually taking the reading, from the oscilloscope GUI. The steps involved\n are:\n \u2022 Set PV1 to 100mV\n \u2022 Read the voltage at A1, voltage across the diode\n-54\n+56\n \n Chapter 3. Electronics\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n 1 \u2212VA1\n \u2022 Calculate current from I = VP V1000\n \n@@ -2162,15 +2176,15 @@\n 3.14.1 Objective\n Using an NPN transistor, plot the Collector voltage against the collector current in a common emitter\n con\ufb01guration. Repeat it for di\ufb00erent base currents. Collector current is calculated from the voltage\n across the a 1 k\u2126 resistor, in the collector circuit.\n \n 3.14. NPN Transistor Output characteristics (CE)\n \n-55\n+57\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 3.14.2 Procedure\n \n PV2\n \n@@ -2192,15 +2206,15 @@\n 3.14.3 Discussion\n The characteristic curves for di\ufb00erent base currents are shown in \ufb01gure. The collector current is obtained\n from the voltage di\ufb00erence across the 1 k\u2126 resistor.\n The base current is set by setting the voltage at one end of the 100 k\u2126 resistor, the other end is connected\n to the transistor base. The value of base current is calculated by, Ib = (VP V 2 VA2 )/(100\u00d7103 )\u00d7106 \u00b5A.\n If A2 is not connected, the code assumes 0.6 volts at the base to calculate the base current.\n \n-56\n+58\n \n Chapter 3. Electronics\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 3.15 PNP Transistor Output characteristics (CE)\n The basic working principle of a transistor is controlling a bigger current in circuit using a small current\n@@ -2234,26 +2248,26 @@\n \u2022 Set base voltage to the 1 volt and press the START button.\n \u2022 Repeat for di\ufb00erent base currents, increment PV2 by 0.3 volt steps.\n The resulting graphs are shown below. This experiments also can be done manually from the oscilloscope\n GUI, by noting down the readings.\n \n 3.15. PNP Transistor Output characteristics (CE)\n \n-57\n+59\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 3.15.3 Discussion\n The characteristic curves for di\ufb00erent base currents are shown in \ufb01gure. The collector current is obtained\n from the voltage di\ufb00erence across the 1 k\u2126 resistor.\n The base current is set by setting the voltage at one end of the 100 k\u2126 resistor, the other end is connected\n to the transistor base. The value of base current is calculated by, Ib = (VP V 2 VA2 )/(100\u00d7103 )\u00d7106 \u00b5A.\n If A2 is not connected, the code assumes 0.6 volts at the base to calculate the base current.\n \n-58\n+60\n \n Chapter 3. Electronics\n \n \fCHAPTER\n \n FOUR\n \n@@ -2282,15 +2296,15 @@\n R2\n \n \u2022 Connect the resistors as shown in the \ufb01gure.\n \u2022 R2 is used for measuring current, generally 1000\u2126\n \u2022 Current through the circuits is Voltage at A1 / R2\n \u2022 PV1 is varied is steps. Voltage across R1 with current is plotted\n \n-59\n+61\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 4.2 XY plotting\n Oscilloscopes generally plots time X-axis. They also provide and X-Y mode, where one input is plotted on\n the X-axis. This feature is used for showing lissajou\u2019s \ufb01gures and also for measuring the phase di\ufb00erence\n of two input waveforms.\n@@ -2299,15 +2313,15 @@\n Plot two signals in the X-Y mode and \ufb01nd out their phase di\ufb00erence. The phase di\ufb00erence is be generated\n by CR circuit.\n \n C\n \n WG\n \n-60\n+62\n \n A1\n \n R\n \n A2\n \n@@ -2341,15 +2355,15 @@\n these things experimentally. We will also explore the phase relationships between voltages at various\n points in the circuit. Three di\ufb00erent cases RC, RL and RLC will be studied. The voltage and phase\n values at series resonance condition will be explored. An Impedance calculator is provided or the right\n side of the GUI, to compare the measure values with calculations.\n \n 4.3. RLC circuits, steady state response\n \n-61\n+63\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 4.3.1 Objective\n Measure the amplitude and phase values in an RC circuit. The phase di\ufb00erence of voltages at the two\n ends of the capacitor is given by\n ( )\n@@ -2393,15 +2407,15 @@\n The resulting waveforms for the RC circuit are shown below. The green trace (voltage at A2) is the\n voltage waveform across the resistance. This can be considered as the current waveform since voltage\n and current are in phase across a resistance. The red trace is the voltage across the capacitance, and it\n can be seen that the current waveform is leading by 90 deg.\n The phase di\ufb00erence across the capacitor is diplayed at the top corner. This can be compared with the\n calculated values.\n \n-62\n+64\n \n Chapter 4. Electricity and Magnetism\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n The next step is to study the RL circuit. Here you will observe the current waveform lagging behind the\n voltage across the inductor.\n@@ -2440,15 +2454,15 @@\n GND\n \n \u2022 Make the connections using L, C and R\n \u2022 Connect A1, A2 and A3 as shown in the \ufb01gure.\n \u2022 Note down the amplitude and phase measurements, in each case\n 4.4. LCR and Series Resonance\n \n-63\n+65\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n \u2022 For RLC series circuit, the junction of L and C is monitored by A3\n \u2022 For resonance select C = 1 \u00b5F , L = 10 mH\n \u2022 Set frequency to f = 1600 Hz, adjust it to make phase shift zero\n The resonance frequency for the given L and C is 1591.5 Hz. We set it nearby to start with. The total\n@@ -2458,15 +2472,15 @@\n \n 4.4.1 Discussion\n This experiment can be used for measuring the values of unknown capacitors or inductors. Make an RL\n or RC circuit with a known resistance and measure the phase shift at di\ufb00erent frequencies. The L or C\n tan \u03b8\n values can be calculated using C = 2\u03c0f R1tan \u03b8 and L = R2\u03c0f\n \n-64\n+66\n \n Chapter 4. Electricity and Magnetism\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 4.5 Transient Response of RC circuits\n 4.5.1 Objective\n@@ -2488,15 +2502,15 @@\n \u2022 Make connections as shown in the \ufb01gure\n \u2022 Click on 0->5V STEP and 5->0V step Buttons to plot the graphs\n \u2022 Adjust the horizontal scale, if required, and repeat.\n \u2022 Calculate RC time constant.\n \n 4.5. Transient Response of RC circuits\n \n-65\n+67\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 4.5.3 Discussion\n Applying a 0 to 5V step makes the voltage across the capacitor to rise exponentially as shown in the\n \ufb01gure. By \ufb01tting the discharge curve with V (t) = V0 \u00d7 et/RC , we can extract the RC time constant and\n \ufb01nd the values of capacitance from it.\n@@ -2530,15 +2544,15 @@\n \n \u2022 Use the 3000 turn coil as inductor\n \u2022 Click on 0->5V STEP and 5->0V step Buttons to plot the graphs\n \u2022 Adjust the horizontal scale, if required, and repeat.\n \u2022 Calculate the value of inductance\n \u2022 Insert an iron core into the inductor and repeat\n \n-66\n+68\n \n Chapter 4. Electricity and Magnetism\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 4.6.3 Discussion\n The transient response of the RL circuit is shown in \ufb01gure. The exponential curve is \ufb01tted to extract the\n@@ -2566,15 +2580,15 @@\n \n Closing the switch in the cicuit shown above will change the voltage across the capacitor. Depending on\n the relative values of L, C and R, the voltage may show oscillations or it may change in an exponential\n manner.\n \n 4.7. Transient response of LCR circuits\n \n-67\n+69\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 4.7.1 Objective\n Apply a step voltage to an LCR circuit. Capture and analyse the resulting voltage across the capacitor.\n \n 4.7.2 Procedure\n@@ -2594,15 +2608,15 @@\n \u2022 FIT the graph to \ufb01nd the resonant frequency & Damping factor.\n \u2022 Repeat with increased capacitance and resistance values.\n \n The values chosen are for an underdamped response. The coil has in inductance more than 100mH and\n a resistance of around 500\u2126. To increase damping, you may add a series resistor, or use a larger value\n capacitor.\n \n-68\n+70\n \n Chapter 4. Electricity and Magnetism\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 4.7.3 Discussion\n Explore the oscillatory\n@@ -2649,15 +2663,15 @@\n \n \u2022 Assemble the LCR \ufb01lter circuit on a bread board\n \u2022 Connect WG and A1 to the \ufb01lter circuit input\n \u2022 A2 to the output\n \n 4.8. Frequency response of \ufb01lter circuit\n \n-69\n+71\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 4.9 Electromagnetic induction\n A voltage is induced across a conductor kept in a changing magnetic \ufb01eld. This can be demonsrated\n using a coil and a moving magnet.\n \n@@ -2673,34 +2687,34 @@\n Magnet\n Coil\n \n \u2022 Click on Start Scanning. A horizontal trace should appear\n \u2022 Drop the magnet through the coil, until a trace is caught.\n \u2022 Repeat the process by changing the parameters like magnet strength, speed etc.\n \n-70\n+72\n \n Chapter 4. Electricity and Magnetism\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 4.9.3 Discussion\n The result is shown in \ufb01gure. The amplitude increases with the speed of the magnet. From the graph,\n we can \ufb01nd the time taken by the magnet to travel through the coil.\n The second peak is bigger than the \ufb01rst peak. Why ? Where will be the magnet at the zero crossing of\n the induced voltage? Drop the magnet from di\ufb00erent heights and plot the voltage vs square root of the\n height.\n \n 4.9. Electromagnetic induction\n \n-71\n+73\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n-72\n+74\n \n Chapter 4. Electricity and Magnetism\n \n \fCHAPTER\n \n FIVE\n \n@@ -2726,15 +2740,15 @@\n Whistle, buzzer etc\n Mic\n \n 5.1.2 Procedure\n \u2022 Make the connections and keep the Mic and the Buzzer facing each other\n \u2022 Press START button\n \n-73\n+75\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 5.1.3 Discussion\n The Frequency Vs Amplitude plot is shown in \ufb01gure. The amplitude is maximum around 3500 Hz.\n \n 5.2 Velocity of sound\n@@ -2760,15 +2774,15 @@\n Mic\n \n GND\n \n Figure 5.1 (a) schematic (b)compressions et expansions along the direction\n of sound.\n \n-74\n+76\n \n Chapter 5. Sound\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 5.2.2 Procedure\n \u2022 Set frequency to resonant maximum by measuring the frequency response 5.1\n@@ -2788,15 +2802,15 @@\n \n 5.3.1 Objective\n Study the beats produced by two Piezo buzzers are excited by two nearby frequencies. The sound is\n captured by a microphone.\n \n 5.3. Sound beats\n \n-75\n+77\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 5.3.2 Procedure\n \n WG\n MIC\n@@ -2817,15 +2831,15 @@\n \u2022 Press FFT to view the frequency spectrum\n \n 5.3.3 Discussion\n From \ufb01gure it can be seen how the low frequency envelope is created. Distance between two minimum\n pressure points of the envelope, corresponds to the beat wavelength. The Fourier transform of the output\n shows the two di\ufb00erent frequency components.\n \n-76\n+78\n \n Chapter 5. Sound\n \n \fCHAPTER\n \n SIX\n \n@@ -2851,15 +2865,15 @@\n DEL\n \n Photo\n transistor\n \n GND\n \n-77\n+79\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 6.1.2 Procedure\n \u2022 Oscillate the pendulum and click on START\n \u2022 Repeat with di\ufb00erent pendulum lengths.\n \n@@ -2894,15 +2908,15 @@\n GND\n \n \u2022 Attach some sort of rigid pendulum to the axis of the motor.\n \u2022 Connect the motor between A3 and GND\n \u2022 Connect 100 \u2126 resistor from Rg to Ground\n \u2022 Oscillate the pendulum and START digitizing\n \n-78\n+80\n \n Chapter 6. Mechanics\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 6.2.3 Discussion\n The observed waveform is shown in \ufb01gure. Fitting it with equation A = A0 sin(\u03c9t + \u03b8) exp(Dt) + C,\n@@ -2921,15 +2935,15 @@\n \n 6.3.2 Procedure\n Make a pendulum using two button magnets and a piece of paper. Suspend it and place the 3000T coil\n near that, as shown in \ufb01gure.\n \n 6.3. Resonance of a driven pendulum\n \n-79\n+81\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n SQ1\n \n COIL\n \n@@ -2956,15 +2970,15 @@\n receive the echo. There are low cost electronics modules available for such applications. Hy-SR04 is\n such a module, that uses a 40kHz Piezo transmitter and receiver combination.\n \n 6.4.1 Objective\n Measure distance by measuring the time taken by 40 kHz pulse train to echo from a hard surface, using\n HY-SR04\n \n-80\n+82\n \n Chapter 6. Mechanics\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 6.4.2 Procedure\n \n@@ -3015,26 +3029,26 @@\n SEN\n \n Contact sensor\n \u2022 Attach the iron ball on the electromagnet\n \n 6.5. Gravity by Time of Flight\n \n-81\n+83\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n \u2022 Keep the contact sensor below, at a distance of several tens of centimeters\n \u2022 Press START\n \n 6.5.3 Discussion\n The program assumes that there is no delay between the removal of the voltage applied to the coil and\n the detachment of the ball. This is not true and causes an error in the results.\n \n-82\n+84\n \n Chapter 6. Mechanics\n \n \fCHAPTER\n \n SEVEN\n \n@@ -3059,15 +3073,15 @@\n A3\n \u2022 Make the connections as shown in the \ufb01gure.\n \u2022 Enter the Gain, O\ufb00set error and the Current from CCS\n \u2022 Select the temperature range and time intervals\n \u2022 Select the required parameters and press START\n Cooling curve of water is shown in the \ufb01gure below.\n \n-83\n+85\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 7.1.3 Discussion\n The accuracy of the measurements can be increased by the following steps.\n Measure the actual current from CCS and enter it in the GUI, it could be slightly di\ufb00erent from 1.1mA.\n The input to A3 is ampli\ufb01ed 11 times by connecting 1 k\u2126 resistor from Rg to Ground. The gain and\n@@ -3088,15 +3102,15 @@\n \u2013 Voltmeter: A1,A2,A3,IN1,SEN,AN8,CCS\n \u2013 Capacitance\n \u2013 Resistance\n \u2013 Oscilloscope\n \u2217 Extracted frequency,phase,amplitude or o\ufb00set using a sine \ufb01t\n \u2217 Di\ufb00erence in phase between A1(Any analog input) and A2. Also, ratio of amplitudes.\n \n-84\n+86\n \n Chapter 7. Other experiments\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n \u2013 Frequency on IN2\n \u2013 Any connected I2C sensor (Magnetometer, accelerometer, temperature, gyro etc)\n@@ -3106,19 +3120,19 @@\n \u2013 WG Sine wave generator frequency\n \u2013 SQ1, SQ2 square wave generator\n \u2013 PV1, PV2 voltage outputs\n Online Examples\n \n 7.3. Adanced Data Logger\n \n-85\n+87\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n-86\n+88\n \n Chapter 7. Other experiments\n \n \fCHAPTER\n \n EIGHT\n \n@@ -3127,15 +3141,15 @@\n 8.1 B-H Curve\n The magnetic \ufb01eld density (H) around a current carrying coil depends on the coil parameters and the\n current. The magnetic \ufb02ux density (B) depends on H and the magnetic permeability of the medium. B\n and H They are related by the equation B = \u00b5H where \u00b5 is the permeability.\n Permeability is not a constant for ferromagnetic materials, like iron. If H is increased B increases and\n saturated at some point. When we reduce H, B does not follow the same path, as shown in the \ufb01gure.\n \n-87\n+89\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 8.1.1 Objective\n To Record Magnetic Hysterisis using a solenoid connected to PV1, and a MPU925x magnetometer connected to the I2C port.\n \n 8.1.2 Procedure\n@@ -3153,15 +3167,15 @@\n \u2022 To Record luminosity values from the TSL2561 sensor.\n \n 8.2.2 Instructions\n \u2022 Connect the light sensor(TSL2561) to the I2C port\n \u2022 Set the acquisition time, interval, and select the values to plot.\n \u2022 Acquire data as a function of time\n \n-88\n+90\n \n Chapter 8. I2C Modules\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 8.3 MPU6050\n \n@@ -3173,19 +3187,19 @@\n \u2022 Data is saved as text, in a two column (time, value) format, each set separated by an empty line.\n \n 8.4 I2C Logger\n Scan for the I2C sensors connected. The detected sensors can be accessed.\n \n 8.3. MPU6050\n \n-89\n+91\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n-90\n+92\n \n Chapter 8. I2C Modules\n \n \fCHAPTER\n \n NINE\n \n@@ -3215,15 +3229,15 @@\n Returns the voltage at the speci\ufb01ed input.\n print p.get_voltage('A1')\n print p.get_voltage('A2')\n print p.get_voltage('A3')\n print p.get_voltage('MIC')\n print p.get_voltage('SEN')\n \n-91\n+93\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n Connect PV1 to A1 and use the set_pv1() and get_voltage together. This function sets the input range by\n trial\n and error, depending on the input signal.\n \n@@ -3244,15 +3258,15 @@\n Returns the version number of the Firmware\n print p.get_version()\n \n 9.8 get_temperature()\n Returns the temperature of the processor inside eyes17\n print p.get_temperature()\n \n-92\n+94\n \n Chapter 9. Coding expEYES-17 in Python\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 9.9 set_state(OUPUT=value)\n Sets the output of OD1, SQ1 etc. Connect OD1 to A1 and run\n@@ -3280,15 +3294,15 @@\n Sets the frequency of SQ1 output (range from 0.1Hz to 1 MHz).All intermediate values are not possible,\n function returns the actual value set. Resolution is high but WG is disabled when SQ1 is operated in this\n mode.\n print p.set_sqr1_slow(0.5)\n \n 9.9. set_state(OUPUT=value)\n \n-93\n+95\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 9.14 set_sqr2(frequency)\n Similar to set_sqr1() but SQ2 is not available along with WG, only one at a time.\n \n 9.15 set_sqr1(frequency, dutyCyle)\n@@ -3315,15 +3329,15 @@\n Connect SQ1 to IN2 and run\n p.set_sqr1(1000, 30)\n print p.r2ftime('IN2', 'IN2')\n 0.0003\n The 1kHz square wave with 30% duty cycle has a Period of one millisecond and stays HIGH for .3\n milliseconds.\n \n-94\n+96\n \n Chapter 9. Coding expEYES-17 in Python\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 9.19 multi_r2rtime(input, numCycles)\n Measures the time interval between rising edges on input1. Time between 2 edges is one cycle. Number\n@@ -3365,15 +3379,15 @@\n p.select_range('A1', 4)\n t,v = p.capture1('A1', 300, 10)\n plot(t,v)\n show()\n \n 9.19. multi_r2rtime(input, numCycles)\n \n-95\n+97\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n The output of this code is given below.\n \n 9.23 capture2(Number of samples, time interval)\n Digitizes the inputs A1 and A2 together. The number of samples could be upto 10000. The time gap\n@@ -3385,15 +3399,15 @@\n p.select_range('A1', 4)\n t,v,tt,vv = p.capture2(300, 10)\n plot(t,v)\n plot(tt,vv)\n show()\n The output of this code is given below.\n \n-96\n+98\n \n Chapter 9. Coding expEYES-17 in Python\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 9.24 capture4(Number of samples, time interval)\n Digitizes the inputs A1,A2,A3 and MIC together. The number of samples could be upto 10000. The\n@@ -3409,15 +3423,15 @@\n show()\n \n # A3\n # MIC\n \n 9.24. capture4(Number of samples, time interval)\n \n-97\n+99\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 9.25 set_wave(frequency, wavetype)\n If wavetype is not speci\ufb01ed, it generates the waveform using the existing wave table. If wavetype is\n speci\ufb01ed (sine\u2019 or tria\u2019)\n corresponding wavetable is loaded.\n@@ -3453,18 +3467,18 @@\n x = abs(x)\n p.load_table(x)\n p.set_wave(400)\n x,y = p.capture1('A1', 500,10)\n plot(x,y)\n show()\n \n-98\n+100\n \n Chapter 9. Coding expEYES-17 in Python\n \n \fexpEYES-17 Documentation, Release 4.7\n \n 9.27. load_table(function, span)\n \n-99\n+101\n \n \f\n"}]}]}]}]}]}]}