/usr/bin/diffoscope --timeout 7200 --html /srv/reproducible-results/rbuild-debian/r-b-build.jd57aFTF/pandas_1.1.5+dfsg-2.diffoscope.html --text /srv/reproducible-results/rbuild-debian/r-b-build.jd57aFTF/pandas_1.1.5+dfsg-2.diffoscope.txt --json /srv/reproducible-results/rbuild-debian/r-b-build.jd57aFTF/pandas_1.1.5+dfsg-2.diffoscope.json --profile=- /srv/reproducible-results/rbuild-debian/r-b-build.jd57aFTF/b1/pandas_1.1.5+dfsg-2_armhf.changes /srv/reproducible-results/rbuild-debian/r-b-build.jd57aFTF/b2/pandas_1.1.5+dfsg-2

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/srv/reproducible-results/rbuild-debian/r-b-build.jd57aFTF/b1/pandas_1.1.5+dfsg-2_armhf.changes vs.

/srv/reproducible-results/rbuild-debian/r-b-build.jd57aFTF/b2/pandas_1.1.5+dfsg-2_armhf.changes ¶

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731 B

Files ¶

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2.06 MB

python-pandas-doc_1.1.5+dfsg-2_all.deb ¶

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452 B

file list ¶

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98.0 B

control.tar.xz ¶

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control.tar ¶

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./md5sums ¶

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./md5sums ¶

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data.tar.xz ¶

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2.06 MB

data.tar ¶

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file list ¶

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35.7 KB

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35.6 KB

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Similarity: 0.9997853087998139% Differences: {"'cells'": "{5: {'outputs': {0: {'data': {'text/html': {insert: [(1, '</style><table " 'id="T_21be1418_acca_11ee_b35a_99e6967947e0" ><thead> <tr> <th class="blank ' 'level0" ></th> <th class="col_heading level0 col0" >A</th> <th ' 'class="col_heading level0 col1" >B</th> <th class="col_heading level0 col2" ' '>C</th> <th class="col_heading level0 col3" >D</th> <th ' 'class="col_heading level0 col4" >E</ […]

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python3-pandas-lib_1.1.5+dfsg-2_armhf.deb ¶

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367 B

file list ¶

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98.0 B

control.tar.xz ¶

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70.0 B

control.tar ¶

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48.0 B

./md5sums ¶

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30.0 B

./md5sums ¶

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data.tar.xz ¶

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61.2 KB

data.tar ¶

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./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/algos.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

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./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/groupby.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

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1.5 KB

./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/hashing.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

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./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/hashtable.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

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./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/index.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

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1.5 KB

./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/indexing.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

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./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/internals.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

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./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/interval.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

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./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/json.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

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./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/lib.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

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./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/missing.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

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./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/ops.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

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./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/ops_dispatch.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

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./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/parsers.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

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./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/properties.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

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./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/reduction.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

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1.44 KB

./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/reshape.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

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./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/sparse.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

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./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/testing.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

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./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/tslib.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

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1.45 KB

./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/tslibs/base.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

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./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/tslibs/ccalendar.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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430 B

readelf --wide --notes {} ¶

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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811 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

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./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/tslibs/conversion.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

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./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/tslibs/dtypes.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

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./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/tslibs/fields.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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430 B

readelf --wide --notes {} ¶

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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811 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

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./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/tslibs/nattype.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

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1.52 KB

./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/tslibs/np_datetime.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

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1.46 KB

./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/tslibs/offsets.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

⊟

1.52 KB

./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/tslibs/parsing.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

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1.45 KB

./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/tslibs/period.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

⊟

1.52 KB

./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/tslibs/strptime.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

⊟

1.52 KB

./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/tslibs/timedeltas.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

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1.52 KB

./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/tslibs/timestamps.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

⊟

1.52 KB

./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/tslibs/timezones.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

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1.53 KB

./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/tslibs/tzconversion.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

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1.52 KB

./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/tslibs/vectorized.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

⊟

1.53 KB

./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/window/aggregations.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

⊟

1.46 KB

./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/window/indexers.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

⊟

1.5 KB

./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/_libs/writers.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

⊟

1.5 KB

./usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pandas/io/sas/_sas.cpython-39-arm-linux-gnueabihf.so ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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610 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {} ¶

error from `readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debuglink {}`: readelf: Error: no .dynamic section in the dynamic segment

⊟

55.1 KB

python3-pandas-lib-dbgsym_1.1.5+dfsg-2_armhf.deb ¶

⊟

452 B

file list ¶

⊟

6.15 KB

control.tar.xz ¶

⊟

6.12 KB

control.tar ¶

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3.59 KB

./control ¶

⊟

2.51 KB

./md5sums ¶

⊟

30.0 B

./md5sums ¶

Files differ

⊟

2.46 KB

line order ¶

⊟

48.4 KB

data.tar.xz ¶

⊟

48.4 KB

data.tar ¶

⊟

7.06 KB

file list ¶

⊟

902 B

./usr/lib/debug/.build-id/02/4e9899d63e9ff5a111066566b1210231b4854e.debug ¶

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File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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./usr/lib/debug/.build-id/48/46c72174da68432b5de031adb24d3c44d63e21.debug ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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840 B

./usr/lib/debug/.build-id/65/735be81e3bcdfef1d80a6b24b7c3b97e00c8d0.debug ¶

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readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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./usr/lib/debug/.build-id/6a/6641900819742c872f84f949c6d463fad38272.debug ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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./usr/lib/debug/.build-id/6b/edc38fea3df847d39a433435f45afe6fa69217.debug ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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./usr/lib/debug/.build-id/6e/0368989c1e0926666008390b3ac8c2b0f237c7.debug ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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./usr/lib/debug/.build-id/70/42b15edc0a001de422deb23edaf96ccc99e005.debug ¶

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readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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./usr/lib/debug/.build-id/7a/7b8af60e449c2c3c8914cafdf61d1df896367c.debug ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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./usr/lib/debug/.build-id/81/91e347dbcaa2058913342eb55db32be1643016.debug ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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./usr/lib/debug/.build-id/b0/45878b74e1fbd76dfca9b3b6b9a1f9a7a09a5b.debug ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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./usr/lib/debug/.build-id/b1/6d9d0337ad381f366a7e4efb4c1bf2f1e896bd.debug ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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./usr/lib/debug/.build-id/b2/b28b084dd2d6d460817f1494789c6ac5ba1c18.debug ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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./usr/lib/debug/.build-id/b5/6796a839cd47c06a222c62d3a0dcf020d95252.debug ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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./usr/lib/debug/.build-id/b7/68351359da5f85943673f7a89e00f14d24390f.debug ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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./usr/lib/debug/.build-id/c9/4c0962e19ef497fb33f0873a92be9ca33ffe2c.debug ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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./usr/lib/debug/.build-id/d4/7bfdc8d464863ea22c02c52ff04315572817bd.debug ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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./usr/lib/debug/.build-id/d7/5bb3009398089025cce4d5345e88f39c984b25.debug ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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./usr/lib/debug/.build-id/da/e2551e52eb6c82f3c38e8b1f1322f767d41efa.debug ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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902 B

./usr/lib/debug/.build-id/df/16644e69e4dae7fa6c8390bb513faeff9c28e5.debug ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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840 B

./usr/lib/debug/.build-id/e0/7c06196d0ef5a519e00a8e25a23b9600b3710f.debug ¶

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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902 B

./usr/lib/debug/.build-id/e2/e2d7fe90c0183ec4f18742d142beef21c8808d.debug ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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902 B

./usr/lib/debug/.build-id/e8/1729ebef20ef0e778436887ac598141f203f4f.debug ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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902 B

./usr/lib/debug/.build-id/e8/b0b95513620b3f3508b3226fa7e71b63b14c29.debug ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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840 B

./usr/lib/debug/.build-id/ee/af740b5f350ce19828416ee7de2aac7a0a3bdd.debug ¶

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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902 B

./usr/lib/debug/.build-id/ef/9660c945b0a30230579e3a4630830c768eefaa.debug ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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902 B

./usr/lib/debug/.build-id/f3/51e56762412219dd6efd7a03bf25fd7f10e461.debug ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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902 B

./usr/lib/debug/.build-id/fc/a1c4cd6672a21b60d0eacf9901035eba6d8ea4.debug ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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902 B

./usr/lib/debug/.build-id/fd/7d1fe20229eda21174d80e9770f2417ee1ab62.debug ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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1.69 KB

./usr/lib/debug/.dwz/arm-linux-gnueabihf/python3-pandas-lib.debug ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied.

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430 B

readelf --wide --notes {} ¶

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282 B

strings --all --bytes=8 {} ¶

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822 B

readelf --wide --decompress --string-dump=.debug_str {} ¶

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1.34 KB

./usr/lib/debug/.build-id/76/4a35a6269e94ab401af3998b8414a49000f7bf.debug vs.

./usr/lib/debug/.build-id/4b/44888dcb2f525c7db7565ad9d6b3d9c4d6dca3.debug ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied. Files 0% similar despite different names

⊟

430 B

readelf --wide --notes {} ¶

⊟

694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶

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5.27 KB

./usr/lib/debug/.build-id/ce/974c2901104f6fdcb2c596e5b9f5f3e89dcf3a.debug vs.

./usr/lib/debug/.build-id/c2/d4b1994956ca9e16170294f46acb9aea37f54f.debug ¶

File has been modified after NT_GNU_BUILD_ID has been applied. Files 2% similar despite different names

⊟

1.29 KB

readelf --wide --sections {} ¶

⊟

430 B

readelf --wide --notes {} ¶

⊟

1.12 KB

readelf --wide --debug-dump=info {} ¶

⊟

523 B

strings --all --bytes=8 {} ¶

⊟

1.01 KB

readelf --wide --decompress --string-dump=.debug_str {} ¶

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694 B

readelf --wide --decompress --hex-dump=.gnu_debugaltlink {} ¶


Offset 1, 5 lines modified		Offset 1, 5 lines modified

1	·1bacc4cc16e270b2dfd6fc9c5ffd7edd·8192432·doc·optional·python-pandas-doc_1.1.5+dfsg-2_all.deb
2	·1e0bdabf0~~64001cf7~~b7ef39~~d9b0c638~~9·2379~~128~~0·debug·optional·python3-pandas~~-lib~~-d~~bgs~~ym_1.1.5+dfsg-2_armhf.deb	1	·736c0bd3012cabd8bb62ef9347f300d9·8192040·doc·optional·python-pandas-doc_1.1.5+dfsg-2_all.deb
		2	·bc7857c9f47dc91962b60c09fd6c6b57·23789364·debug·optional·python3-pandas-lib-dbgsym_1.1.5+dfsg-2_armhf.deb
3	·3e3~~4cdaf~~dfb3f22cf6b~~833~~a9b~~ac7f7b1~~·302~~7092~~·python·optional·python3-pandas-lib_1.1.5+dfsg-2_armhf.deb	3	·33312a0ed7ef79342a3ffbf9b0219bc6·3026640·python·optional·python3-pandas-lib_1.1.5+dfsg-2_armhf.deb
4	·e6541380ee2e4732c3cfb039a92ab3e3·2095828·python·optional·python3-pandas_1.1.5+dfsg-2_all.deb	4	·e6541380ee2e4732c3cfb039a92ab3e3·2095828·python·optional·python3-pandas_1.1.5+dfsg-2_all.deb


Offset 1, 3 lines modified		Offset 1, 3 lines modified
1	-rw-r--r--···0········0········0········4·2021-01-12·21:06:04.000000·debian-binary	1	-rw-r--r--···0········0········0········4·2021-01-12·21:06:04.000000·debian-binary
2	-rw-r--r--···0········0········0···146828·2021-01-12·21:06:04.000000·control.tar.xz	2	-rw-r--r--···0········0········0···146824·2021-01-12·21:06:04.000000·control.tar.xz
3	-rw-r--r--···0········0········0··8045~~412~~·2021-01-12·21:06:04.000000·data.tar.xz	3	-rw-r--r--···0········0········0··8045024·2021-01-12·21:06:04.000000·data.tar.xz


Offset 2423, 15 lines modified		Offset 2423, 15 lines modified
2423	········"001000":·2208,	2423	········"001000":·2208,
2424	········"001283":·2199,	2424	········"001283":·2199,
2425	········"001294":·2209,	2425	········"001294":·2209,
2426	········"001427":·2212,	2426	········"001427":·2212,
2427	········"001486":·[96,·1158],	2427	········"001486":·[96,·1158],
2428	········"001675":·2190,	2428	········"001675":·2190,
2429	········"001971":·2203,	2429	········"001971":·2203,
2430	········"002":·2262,	2430	········"002":·[2193,·2262],
2431	········"002000":·2230,	2431	········"002000":·2230,
2432	········"002040":·[2206,·2233],	2432	········"002040":·[2206,·2233],
2433	········"002118":·[2228,·2229],	2433	········"002118":·[2228,·2229],
2434	········"002601":·2190,	2434	········"002601":·2190,
2435	········"002698":·2190,	2435	········"002698":·2190,
2436	········"002726":·2199,	2436	········"002726":·2199,
2437	········"002759":·2203,	2437	········"002759":·2203,
Offset 2468, 15 lines modified		Offset 2468, 14 lines modified
2468	········"005383":·2218,	2468	········"005383":·2218,
2469	········"005446":·2217,	2469	········"005446":·2217,
2470	········"005518":·2203,	2470	········"005518":·2203,
2471	········"005654":·2190,	2471	········"005654":·2190,
2472	········"005696":·2199,	2472	········"005696":·2199,
2473	········"005707":·2199,	2473	········"005707":·2199,
2474	········"005979":·2187,	2474	········"005979":·2187,
2475	········"006":·2193,
2476	········"0061535699":·2199,	2475	········"0061535699":·2199,
2477	········"006154":·[2186,·2197,·2199,·2202,·2203,·2213,·2255],	2476	········"006154":·[2186,·2197,·2199,·2202,·2203,·2213,·2255],
2478	········"006349":·2195,	2477	········"006349":·2195,
2479	········"006438":·2213,	2478	········"006438":·2213,
2480	········"006549":·[180,·761],	2479	········"006549":·[180,·761],
2481	········"006695":·2187,	2480	········"006695":·2187,
2482	········"006733":·2203,	2481	········"006733":·2203,
Offset 2493, 14 lines modified		Offset 2492, 15 lines modified
2493	········"008":·2193,	2492	········"008":·2193,
2494	········"008097":·2204,	2493	········"008097":·2204,
2495	········"008277":·2192,	2494	········"008277":·2192,
2496	········"008298":·2187,	2495	········"008298":·2187,
2497	········"008500":·12,	2496	········"008500":·12,
2498	········"008543":·[96,·1158],	2497	········"008543":·[96,·1158],
2499	········"008943":·[96,·1158],	2498	········"008943":·[96,·1158],
		2499	········"009":·2193,
2500	········"009212":·2190,	2500	········"009212":·2190,
2501	········"009734":·2190,	2501	········"009734":·2190,
2502	········"009797":·2187,	2502	········"009797":·2187,
2503	········"009826":·[96,·1158],	2503	········"009826":·[96,·1158],
2504	········"009920":·[2185,·2195,·2212],	2504	········"009920":·[2185,·2195,·2212],
2505	········"00am":·2228,	2505	········"00am":·2228,
2506	········"00index":·2216,	2506	········"00index":·2216,
Offset 2518, 34 lines modified		Offset 2518, 33 lines modified
2518	········"011531":·2201,	2518	········"011531":·2201,
2519	········"011736":·2187,	2519	········"011736":·2187,
2520	········"01183":·2227,	2520	········"01183":·2227,
2521	········"012002":·[180,·761],	2521	········"012002":·[180,·761],
2522	········"0123456789123456":·[2166,·2167],	2522	········"0123456789123456":·[2166,·2167],
2523	········"012922":·2217,	2523	········"012922":·2217,
2524	········"012977":·2190,	2524	········"012977":·2190,
2525	········"013":·2193,
2526	········"013086":·12,	2525	········"013086":·12,
2527	········"0133":·2202,	2526	········"0133":·2202,
2528	········"013479":·2190,	2527	········"013479":·2190,
2529	········"013479040400098752":·2190,	2528	········"013479040400098752":·2190,
2530	········"013638":·2192,	2529	········"013638":·2192,
2531	········"013684":·[180,·761],	2530	········"013684":·[180,·761],
2532	········"013692":·[96,·1158],	2531	········"013692":·[96,·1158],
2533	········"013768":·2228,	2532	········"013768":·2228,
2534	········"013810":·[180,·761],	2533	········"013810":·[180,·761],
2535	········"0139597524":·2199,	2534	········"0139597524":·2199,
2536	········"013960":·[2186,·2197,·2199,·2201,·2202,·2203,·2213,·2255],	2535	········"013960":·[2186,·2197,·2199,·2201,·2202,·2203,·2213,·2255],
2537	········"014":·2193,
2538	········"014138":·2192,	2536	········"014138":·2192,
2539	········"014144":·[96,·1158],	2537	········"014144":·[96,·1158],
2540	········"014500":·2199,	2538	········"014500":·2199,
2541	········"014648":·2187,	2539	········"014648":·2187,
2542	········"014752":·2233,	2540	········"014752":·2233,
2543	········"014805":·2202,	2541	········"014805":·2202,
2544	········"014871":·[2186,·2197,·2202,·2203],	2542	········"014871":·[2186,·2197,·2202,·2203],
		2543	········"015":·2193,
2545	········"015083":·2187,	2544	········"015083":·2187,
2546	········"015226":·2199,	2545	········"015226":·2199,
2547	········"015420":·2195,	2546	········"015420":·2195,
2548	········"015696":·[2218,·2226,·2228],	2547	········"015696":·[2218,·2226,·2228],
2549	········"015906":·2187,	2548	········"015906":·2187,
2550	········"015962":·[2185,·2212],	2549	········"015962":·[2185,·2212],
2551	········"015988":·2187,	2550	········"015988":·2187,
Offset 2568, 26 lines modified		Offset 2567, 26 lines modified
2568	········"018169":·2190,	2567	········"018169":·2190,
2569	········"018501":·2208,	2568	········"018501":·2208,
2570	········"018587":·2190,	2569	········"018587":·2190,
2571	········"018596":·2203,	2570	········"018596":·2203,
2572	········"018601":·[2185,·2212],	2571	········"018601":·[2185,·2212],
2573	········"018617":·2208,	2572	········"018617":·2208,
2574	········"018993":·2212,	2573	········"018993":·2212,
2575	········"019":·2193,
2576	········"019462":·2195,	2574	········"019462":·2195,
2577	········"019794":·2197,	2575	········"019794":·2197,
2578	········"019814":·2186,	2576	········"019814":·2186,
2579	········"01985":·2201,	2577	········"01985":·2201,
2580	········"019855":·2201,	2578	········"019855":·2201,
2581	········"01t00":·[906,·1233,·2165,·2199,·2209,·2233,·2244,·2259],	2579	········"01t00":·[906,·1233,·2165,·2199,·2209,·2233,·2244,·2259],
2582	········"01t01":·2209,	2580	········"01t01":·2209,
2583	········"01t03":·2209,	2581	········"01t03":·2209,
2584	········"01t05":·[910,·2209,·2233],	2582	········"01t05":·[910,·2209,·2233],
2585	········"01t12":·955,	2583	········"01t12":·955,
2586	········"01t23":·[443,·891,·2187,·2244],	2584	········"01t23":·[443,·891,·2187,·2244],
		2585	········"020":·2193,
2587	········"0200":·2209,	2586	········"0200":·2209,
2588	········"020161":·[96,·1158],	2587	········"020161":·[96,·1158],
2589	········"020208":·2195,	2588	········"020208":·2195,
2590	········"020399":·2195,	2589	········"020399":·2195,
2591	········"020433":·2190,	2590	········"020433":·2190,
2592	········"020544":·2187,	2591	········"020544":·2187,
2593	········"020762":·2218,	2592	········"020762":·2218,
Offset 2601, 49 lines modified		Offset 2600, 48 lines modified
2601	········"02155":·26,	2600	········"02155":·26,
2602	········"021605":·2203,	2601	········"021605":·2203,
2603	········"021833":·2199,	2602	········"021833":·2199,
2604	········"022070":·2185,	2603	········"022070":·2185,
2605	········"023":·[1369,·2200,·2230],	2604	········"023":·[1369,·2200,·2230],
2606	········"023100":·2195,	2605	········"023100":·2195,
2607	········"023167":·12,	2606	········"023167":·12,
2608	········"023634":·2226,
2609	········"023640":·2228,	2607	········"023640":·2228,
2610	········"023688":·[12,·2186,·2192,·2197],	2608	········"023688":·[12,·2186,·2192,·2197],
2611	········"023751":·2199,	2609	········"023751":·2199,
2612	········"023888":·2187,	2610	········"023888":·2187,
2613	········"023898":·2195,	2611	········"023898":·2195,
2614	········"024180":·[2186,·2197,·2202,·2203,·2213],	2612	········"024180":·[2186,·2197,·2202,·2203,·2213],
2615	········"024180e":·2203,	2613	········"024180e":·2203,
Max diff block lines reached; 32811/36406 bytes (90.13%) of diff not shown.


Offset 1211, 15 lines modified		Offset 1211, 15 lines modified
1211	<span·class="gp">In·[138]:·</span><span·class="n">plt</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">figure</span><span·class="p">()</span>	1211	<span·class="gp">In·[138]:·</span><span·class="n">plt</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">figure</span><span·class="p">()</span>
1212	<span·class="gh">Out[138]:·</span><span·class="go"><Figure·size·640x480·with·0·Axes></span>	1212	<span·class="gh">Out[138]:·</span><span·class="go"><Figure·size·640x480·with·0·Axes></span>

1213	<span·class="gp">In·[139]:·</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">plot</span><span·class="p">()</span>	1213	<span·class="gp">In·[139]:·</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">plot</span><span·class="p">()</span>
1214	<span·class="gh">Out[139]:·</span><span·class="go"><AxesSubplot:></span>	1214	<span·class="gh">Out[139]:·</span><span·class="go"><AxesSubplot:></span>

1215	<span·class="gp">In·[140]:·</span><span·class="n">plt</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">legend</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">loc</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="s1">'best'</span><span·class="p">)</span>	1215	<span·class="gp">In·[140]:·</span><span·class="n">plt</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">legend</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">loc</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="s1">'best'</span><span·class="p">)</span>
1216	<span·class="gh">Out[140]:·</span><span·class="go"><matplotlib.legend.Legend·at·0x~~e2cee1f0~~></span>	1216	<span·class="gh">Out[140]:·</span><span·class="go"><matplotlib.legend.Legend·at·0xa1dd4e68></span>
1217	</pre></div>	1217	</pre></div>
1218	</div>	1218	</div>
1219	<img·alt="../_images/frame_plot_basic.png"·src="../_images/frame_plot_basic.png"·/>	1219	<img·alt="../_images/frame_plot_basic.png"·src="../_images/frame_plot_basic.png"·/>
1220	</div>	1220	</div>
1221	<div·class="section"·id="getting-data-in-out">	1221	<div·class="section"·id="getting-data-in-out">
1222	<h2>Getting·data·in/out<a·class="headerlink"·href="#getting-data-in-out"·title="Permalink·to·this·headline">¶</a></h2>	1222	<h2>Getting·data·in/out<a·class="headerlink"·href="#getting-data-in-out"·title="Permalink·to·this·headline">¶</a></h2>
1223	<div·class="section"·id="csv">	1223	<div·class="section"·id="csv">


Offset 978, 15 lines modified		Offset 978, 15 lines modified
978	In·[138]:·plt.figure()	978	In·[138]:·plt.figure()
979	Out[138]:·<Figure·size·640x480·with·0·Axes>	979	Out[138]:·<Figure·size·640x480·with·0·Axes>

980	In·[139]:·df.plot()	980	In·[139]:·df.plot()
981	Out[139]:·<AxesSubplot:>	981	Out[139]:·<AxesSubplot:>

982	In·[140]:·plt.legend(loc='best')	982	In·[140]:·plt.legend(loc='best')
983	Out[140]:·<matplotlib.legend.Legend·at·0x~~e2cee1f0~~>	983	Out[140]:·<matplotlib.legend.Legend·at·0xa1dd4e68>
984	[../_images/frame_plot_basic.png]	984	[../_images/frame_plot_basic.png]
985	***·Getting·data·in/outÂ¶·***	985	***·Getting·data·in/outÂ¶·***
986	**·CSVÂ¶·**	986	**·CSVÂ¶·**
987	Writing_to_a_csv_file.	987	Writing_to_a_csv_file.
988	In·[141]:·df.to_csv('foo.csv')	988	In·[141]:·df.to_csv('foo.csv')
989	Reading_from_a_csv_file.	989	Reading_from_a_csv_file.
990	In·[142]:·pd.read_csv('foo.csv')	990	In·[142]:·pd.read_csv('foo.csv')


Offset 1295, 25 lines modified		Offset 1295, 25 lines modified
1295	<span·class="gp">In·[141]:·</span><span·class="n">indexer</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">np</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">arange</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="mi">10000</span><span·class="p">)</span>	1295	<span·class="gp">In·[141]:·</span><span·class="n">indexer</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">np</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">arange</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="mi">10000</span><span·class="p">)</span>

1296	<span·class="gp">In·[142]:·</span><span·class="n">random</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">shuffle</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">indexer</span><span·class="p">)</span>	1296	<span·class="gp">In·[142]:·</span><span·class="n">random</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">shuffle</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">indexer</span><span·class="p">)</span>

1297	<span·class="gp">In·[143]:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">timeit</span>·arr[indexer]	1297	<span·class="gp">In·[143]:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">timeit</span>·arr[indexer]
1298	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">timeit</span>·arr.take(indexer,·axis=0)	1298	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">timeit</span>·arr.take(indexer,·axis=0)
1299	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span>	1299	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span>
1300	<span·class="go">~~784~~·us·+-·11.5·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·1000·loops·each)</span>	1300	<span·class="go">809·us·+-·11.2·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·1000·loops·each)</span>
1301	<span·class="go">423·us·+-·6.62·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·1000·loops·each)</span>	1301	<span·class="go">426·us·+-·9.77·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·1000·loops·each)</span>
1302	</pre></div>	1302	</pre></div>
1303	</div>	1303	</div>
1304	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[144]:·</span><span·class="n">ser</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">Series</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">arr</span><span·class="p">[:,</span>·<span·class="mi">0</span><span·class="p">])</span>	1304	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[144]:·</span><span·class="n">ser</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">Series</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">arr</span><span·class="p">[:,</span>·<span·class="mi">0</span><span·class="p">])</span>

1305	<span·class="gp">In·[145]:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">timeit</span>·ser.iloc[indexer]	1305	<span·class="gp">In·[145]:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">timeit</span>·ser.iloc[indexer]
1306	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">timeit</span>·ser.take(indexer)	1306	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">timeit</span>·ser.take(indexer)
1307	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span>	1307	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span>
		1308	<span·class="go">642·us·+-·9.02·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·1000·loops·each)</span>
1308	<span·class="go">651·us·+-·~~13.4~~·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·1000·loops·each)</span>	1309	<span·class="go">612·us·+-·4.89·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·1000·loops·each)</span>
1309	<span·class="go">607·us·+-·15.3·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·1000·loops·each)</span>
1310	</pre></div>	1310	</pre></div>
1311	</div>	1311	</div>
1312	</div>	1312	</div>
1313	<div·class="section"·id="index-types">	1313	<div·class="section"·id="index-types">
1314	<span·id="indexing-index-types"></span><h2>Index·types<a·class="headerlink"·href="#index-types"·title="Permalink·to·this·headline">¶</a></h2>	1314	<span·id="indexing-index-types"></span><h2>Index·types<a·class="headerlink"·href="#index-types"·title="Permalink·to·this·headline">¶</a></h2>
1315	<p>We·have·discussed·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">MultiIndex</span></code>·in·the·previous·sections·pretty·extensively.	1315	<p>We·have·discussed·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">MultiIndex</span></code>·in·the·previous·sections·pretty·extensively.
1316	Documentation·about·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">DatetimeIndex</span></code>·and·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">PeriodIndex</span></code>·are·shown·<a·class="reference·internal"·href="timeseries.html#timeseries-overview"><span·class="std·std-ref">here</span></a>,	1316	Documentation·about·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">DatetimeIndex</span></code>·and·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">PeriodIndex</span></code>·are·shown·<a·class="reference·internal"·href="timeseries.html#timeseries-overview"><span·class="std·std-ref">here</span></a>,


Offset 1113, 23 lines modified		Offset 1113, 23 lines modified
1113	In·[141]:·indexer·=·np.arange(10000)	1113	In·[141]:·indexer·=·np.arange(10000)

1114	In·[142]:·random.shuffle(indexer)	1114	In·[142]:·random.shuffle(indexer)

1115	In·[143]:·%timeit·arr[indexer]	1115	In·[143]:·%timeit·arr[indexer]
1116	···.....:·%timeit·arr.take(indexer,·axis=0)	1116	···.....:·%timeit·arr.take(indexer,·axis=0)
1117	···.....:	1117	···.....:
1118	~~784~~·us·+-·11.5·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·1000·loops·each)	1118	809·us·+-·11.2·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·1000·loops·each)
1119	423·us·+-·6.62·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·1000·loops·each)	1119	426·us·+-·9.77·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·1000·loops·each)
1120	In·[144]:·ser·=·pd.Series(arr[:,·0])	1120	In·[144]:·ser·=·pd.Series(arr[:,·0])

1121	In·[145]:·%timeit·ser.iloc[indexer]	1121	In·[145]:·%timeit·ser.iloc[indexer]
1122	···.....:·%timeit·ser.take(indexer)	1122	···.....:·%timeit·ser.take(indexer)
1123	···.....:	1123	···.....:
		1124	642·us·+-·9.02·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·1000·loops·each)
1124	651·us·+-·~~13.4~~·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·1000·loops·each)	1125	612·us·+-·4.89·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·1000·loops·each)
1125	607·us·+-·15.3·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·1000·loops·each)
1126	***·Index·typesÂ¶·***	1126	***·Index·typesÂ¶·***
1127	We·have·discussed·MultiIndex·in·the·previous·sections·pretty·extensively.	1127	We·have·discussed·MultiIndex·in·the·previous·sections·pretty·extensively.
1128	Documentation·about·DatetimeIndex·and·PeriodIndex·are·shown·here,·and	1128	Documentation·about·DatetimeIndex·and·PeriodIndex·are·shown·here,·and
1129	documentation·about·TimedeltaIndex·is·found·here.	1129	documentation·about·TimedeltaIndex·is·found·here.
1130	In·the·following·sub-sections·we·will·highlight·some·other·index·types.	1130	In·the·following·sub-sections·we·will·highlight·some·other·index·types.
1131	**·CategoricalIndexÂ¶·**	1131	**·CategoricalIndexÂ¶·**
1132	CategoricalIndex·is·a·type·of·index·that·is·useful·for·supporting·indexing·with	1132	CategoricalIndex·is·a·type·of·index·that·is·useful·for·supporting·indexing·with


Offset 3550, 21 lines modified		Offset 3550, 21 lines modified
3550	<span·class="go">dtype:·object</span>	3550	<span·class="go">dtype:·object</span>
3551	</pre></div>	3551	</pre></div>
3552	</div>	3552	</div>
3553	<p>The·number·of·columns·of·each·type·in·a·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">DataFrame</span></code>·can·be·found·by·calling	3553	<p>The·number·of·columns·of·each·type·in·a·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">DataFrame</span></code>·can·be·found·by·calling
3554	<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">DataFrame.dtypes.value_counts()</span></code>.</p>	3554	<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">DataFrame.dtypes.value_counts()</span></code>.</p>
3555	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[352]:·</span><span·class="n">dft</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">dtypes</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">value_counts</span><span·class="p">()</span>	3555	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[352]:·</span><span·class="n">dft</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">dtypes</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">value_counts</span><span·class="p">()</span>
3556	<span·class="gh">Out[352]:·</span><span·class="go"></span>	3556	<span·class="gh">Out[352]:·</span><span·class="go"></span>
3557	<span·class="go">datetime64[ns]····1</span>
3558	<span·class="go">float64···········1</span>
3559	<span·class="go">object············1</span>
3560	<span·class="go">bool··············1</span>
3561	<span·class="go">int8··············1</span>	3557	<span·class="go">int8··············1</span>
		3558	<span·class="go">float64···········1</span>
3562	<span·class="go">float32···········1</span>	3559	<span·class="go">float32···········1</span>
3563	<span·class="go">int64·············1</span>	3560	<span·class="go">int64·············1</span>
		3561	<span·class="go">bool··············1</span>
		3562	<span·class="go">object············1</span>
		3563	<span·class="go">datetime64[ns]····1</span>
3564	<span·class="go">dtype:·int64</span>	3564	<span·class="go">dtype:·int64</span>
3565	</pre></div>	3565	</pre></div>
3566	</div>	3566	</div>
3567	<p>Numeric·dtypes·will·propagate·and·can·coexist·in·DataFrames.	3567	<p>Numeric·dtypes·will·propagate·and·can·coexist·in·DataFrames.
3568	If·a·dtype·is·passed·(either·directly·via·the·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">dtype</span></code>·keyword,·a·passed·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">ndarray</span></code>,	3568	If·a·dtype·is·passed·(either·directly·via·the·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">dtype</span></code>·keyword,·a·passed·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">ndarray</span></code>,
3569	or·a·passed·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">Series</span></code>),·then·it·will·be·preserved·in·DataFrame·operations.·Furthermore,	3569	or·a·passed·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">Series</span></code>),·then·it·will·be·preserved·in·DataFrame·operations.·Furthermore,
3570	different·numeric·dtypes·will·<strong>NOT</strong>·be·combined.·The·following·example·will·give·you·a·taste.</p>	3570	different·numeric·dtypes·will·<strong>NOT</strong>·be·combined.·The·following·example·will·give·you·a·taste.</p>


Offset 2907, 21 lines modified		Offset 2907, 21 lines modified
2907	3······6	2907	3······6
2908	4····foo	2908	4····foo
2909	dtype:·object	2909	dtype:·object
2910	The·number·of·columns·of·each·type·in·a·DataFrame·can·be·found·by·calling	2910	The·number·of·columns·of·each·type·in·a·DataFrame·can·be·found·by·calling
2911	DataFrame.dtypes.value_counts().	2911	DataFrame.dtypes.value_counts().
2912	In·[352]:·dft.dtypes.value_counts()	2912	In·[352]:·dft.dtypes.value_counts()
2913	Out[352]:	2913	Out[352]:
2914	datetime64[ns]····1
2915	float64···········1
2916	object············1
2917	bool··············1
2918	int8··············1	2914	int8··············1
		2915	float64···········1
2919	float32···········1	2916	float32···········1
2920	int64·············1	2917	int64·············1
		2918	bool··············1
		2919	object············1
		2920	datetime64[ns]····1
2921	dtype:·int64	2921	dtype:·int64
2922	Numeric·dtypes·will·propagate·and·can·coexist·in·DataFrames.·If·a·dtype·is	2922	Numeric·dtypes·will·propagate·and·can·coexist·in·DataFrames.·If·a·dtype·is
2923	passed·(either·directly·via·the·dtype·keyword,·a·passed·ndarray,·or·a·passed	2923	passed·(either·directly·via·the·dtype·keyword,·a·passed·ndarray,·or·a·passed
2924	Series),·then·it·will·be·preserved·in·DataFrame·operations.·Furthermore,	2924	Series),·then·it·will·be·preserved·in·DataFrame·operations.·Furthermore,
2925	different·numeric·dtypes·will·NOT·be·combined.·The·following·example·will·give	2925	different·numeric·dtypes·will·NOT·be·combined.·The·following·example·will·give
2926	you·a·taste.	2926	you·a·taste.
2927	In·[353]:·df1·=·pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(8,·1),·columns=['A'],	2927	In·[353]:·df1·=·pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(8,·1),·columns=['A'],


Offset 78, 26 lines modified		Offset 78, 26 lines modified
78	In·[7]:·%timeit·df.apply(lambda·x:·integrate_f(x['a'],·x['b'],·x['N']),·axis=1)	78	In·[7]:·%timeit·df.apply(lambda·x:·integrate_f(x['a'],·x['b'],·x['N']),·axis=1)
79	10·loops,·best·of·3:·174·ms·per·loop	79	10·loops,·best·of·3:·174·ms·per·loop
80	But·clearly·this·isnât·fast·enough·for·us.·Letâs·take·a·look·and·see·where	80	But·clearly·this·isnât·fast·enough·for·us.·Letâs·take·a·look·and·see·where
81	the·time·is·spent·during·this·operation·(limited·to·the·most·time·consuming	81	the·time·is·spent·during·this·operation·(limited·to·the·most·time·consuming
82	four·calls)·using·the·prun_ipython_magic_function:	82	four·calls)·using·the·prun_ipython_magic_function:
83	In·[5]:·%prun·-l·4·df.apply(lambda·x:·integrate_f(x['a'],·x['b'],·x['N']),	83	In·[5]:·%prun·-l·4·df.apply(lambda·x:·integrate_f(x['a'],·x['b'],·x['N']),
84	axis=1)··#·noqa·E999	84	axis=1)··#·noqa·E999
85	·········622830·function·calls·(622809·primitive·calls)·in·0.~~798~~·seconds	85	·········622830·function·calls·(622809·primitive·calls)·in·0.810·seconds

86	···Ordered·by:·internal·time	86	···Ordered·by:·internal·time
87	···List·reduced·from·214·to·4·due·to·restriction·<4>	87	···List·reduced·from·214·to·4·due·to·restriction·<4>

88	···ncalls··tottime··percall··cumtime··percall·filename:lineno(function)	88	···ncalls··tottime··percall··cumtime··percall·filename:lineno(function)
89	·····1000····0.469····0.000····0.688····0.001·<ipython-input-4-c2a74e076cf0>:1	89	·····1000····0.479····0.000····0.695····0.001·<ipython-input-4-c2a74e076cf0>:1
90	(integrate_f)	90	(integrate_f)
91	···552423····0.219····0.000····0.219····0.000·<ipython-input-3-c138bdd570e3>:1	91	···552423····0.217····0.000····0.217····0.000·<ipython-input-3-c138bdd570e3>:1
92	(f)	92	(f)
93	·····3000····0.014····0.000····0.078····0.000·series.py:868(__getitem__)	93	·····3000····0.015····0.000····0.080····0.000·series.py:868(__getitem__)
94	·····3000····0.010····0.000····0.056····0.000·series.py:973(_get_value)	94	·····3000····0.010····0.000····0.057····0.000·series.py:973(_get_value)
95	By·far·the·majority·of·time·is·spend·inside·either·integrate_f·or·f,·hence	95	By·far·the·majority·of·time·is·spend·inside·either·integrate_f·or·f,·hence
96	weâll·concentrate·our·efforts·cythonizing·these·two·functions.	96	weâll·concentrate·our·efforts·cythonizing·these·two·functions.
97	**·Plain·CythonÂ¶·**	97	**·Plain·CythonÂ¶·**
98	First·weâre·going·to·need·to·import·the·Cython·magic·function·to·ipython:	98	First·weâre·going·to·need·to·import·the·Cython·magic·function·to·ipython:
99	In·[6]:·%load_ext·Cython	99	In·[6]:·%load_ext·Cython
100	Now,·letâs·simply·copy·our·functions·over·to·Cython·as·is·(the·suffix·is·here	100	Now,·letâs·simply·copy·our·functions·over·to·Cython·as·is·(the·suffix·is·here
101	to·distinguish·between·function·versions):	101	to·distinguish·between·function·versions):
Offset 136, 24 lines modified		Offset 136, 24 lines modified
136	axis=1)	136	axis=1)
137	10·loops,·best·of·3:·20.3·ms·per·loop	137	10·loops,·best·of·3:·20.3·ms·per·loop
138	Now,·weâre·talking!·Itâs·now·over·ten·times·faster·than·the·original·python	138	Now,·weâre·talking!·Itâs·now·over·ten·times·faster·than·the·original·python
139	implementation,·and·we·havenât·really·modified·the·code.·Letâs·have·another	139	implementation,·and·we·havenât·really·modified·the·code.·Letâs·have·another
140	look·at·whatâs·eating·up·time:	140	look·at·whatâs·eating·up·time:
141	In·[9]:·%prun·-l·4·df.apply(lambda·x:·integrate_f_typed(x['a'],·x['b'],·x	141	In·[9]:·%prun·-l·4·df.apply(lambda·x:·integrate_f_typed(x['a'],·x['b'],·x
142	['N']),·axis=1)	142	['N']),·axis=1)
143	·········70396·function·calls·(70375·primitive·calls)·in·0.111·seconds	143	·········70396·function·calls·(70375·primitive·calls)·in·0.122·seconds

144	···Ordered·by:·internal·time	144	···Ordered·by:·internal·time
145	···List·reduced·from·208·to·4·due·to·restriction·<4>	145	···List·reduced·from·208·to·4·due·to·restriction·<4>

146	···ncalls··tottime··percall··cumtime··percall·filename:lineno(function)	146	···ncalls··tottime··percall··cumtime··percall·filename:lineno(function)
147	·····3000····0.013····0.000····0.075····0.000·series.py:868(__getitem__)	147	·····3000····0.015····0.000····0.080····0.000·series.py:868(__getitem__)
148	·····3000····0.010····0.000····0.054····0.000·series.py:973(_get_value)	148	·····3000····0.010····0.000····0.058····0.000·series.py:973(_get_value)
149	·····3000····0.008····0.000····0.025····0.000·base.py:2854(get_loc)	149	·····3000····0.008····0.000····0.027····0.000·base.py:2854(get_loc)
150	·····3000····0.006····0.000····0.019····0.000·base.py:4626(_get_values_for_loc)	150	·····3000····0.007····0.000····0.020····0.000·base.py:4626(_get_values_for_loc)
151	**·Using·ndarrayÂ¶·**	151	**·Using·ndarrayÂ¶·**
152	Itâs·calling·seriesâ¦·a·lot!·Itâs·creating·a·Series·from·each·row,·and	152	Itâs·calling·seriesâ¦·a·lot!·Itâs·creating·a·Series·from·each·row,·and
153	get-ting·from·both·the·index·and·the·series·(three·times·for·each·row).	153	get-ting·from·both·the·index·and·the·series·(three·times·for·each·row).
154	Function·calls·are·expensive·in·Python,·so·maybe·we·could·minimize·these·by	154	Function·calls·are·expensive·in·Python,·so·maybe·we·could·minimize·these·by
155	cythonizing·the·apply·part.	155	cythonizing·the·apply·part.
156	Note	156	Note
157	We·are·now·passing·ndarrays·into·the·Cython·function,·fortunately·Cython·plays	157	We·are·now·passing·ndarrays·into·the·Cython·function,·fortunately·Cython·plays
Offset 205, 25 lines modified		Offset 205, 25 lines modified
205	1000·loops,·best·of·3:·1.25·ms·per·loop	205	1000·loops,·best·of·3:·1.25·ms·per·loop
206	Weâve·gotten·another·big·improvement.·Letâs·check·again·where·the·time·is	206	Weâve·gotten·another·big·improvement.·Letâs·check·again·where·the·time·is
207	spent:	207	spent:
208	In·[11]:·%%prun·-l·4·apply_integrate_f(df['a'].to_numpy(),	208	In·[11]:·%%prun·-l·4·apply_integrate_f(df['a'].to_numpy(),
209	···....:·······························df['b'].to_numpy(),	209	···....:·······························df['b'].to_numpy(),
210	···....:·······························df['N'].to_numpy())	210	···....:·······························df['N'].to_numpy())
211	···....:	211	···....:
212	·········218·function·calls·in·0.007·seconds	212	·········218·function·calls·in·0.009·seconds

213	···Ordered·by:·internal·time	213	···Ordered·by:·internal·time
214	···List·reduced·from·59·to·4·due·to·restriction·<4>	214	···List·reduced·from·59·to·4·due·to·restriction·<4>

215	···ncalls··tottime··percall··cumtime··percall·filename:lineno(function)	215	···ncalls··tottime··percall··cumtime··percall·filename:lineno(function)
216	········1····0.006····0.006····0.006····0.006·{built-in·method	216	········1····0.007····0.007····0.007····0.007·{built-in·method
217	_cython_magic_7dc7064016b351e6f537d7542a365f15.apply_integrate_f}	217	_cython_magic_7dc7064016b351e6f537d7542a365f15.apply_integrate_f}
		218	········3····0.000····0.000····0.002····0.001·frame.py:2869(__getitem__)
218	········1····0.000····0.000····0.007····0.007·{built-in·method·builtins.exec}	219	········1····0.000····0.000····0.009····0.009·{built-in·method·builtins.exec}
219	········3····0.000····0.000····0.001····0.000·frame.py:2869(__getitem__)
220	········3····0.000····0.000····0.000····0.000·managers.py:993(iget)	220	········3····0.000····0.000····0.001····0.000·managers.py:993(iget)
221	As·one·might·expect,·the·majority·of·the·time·is·now·spent·in	221	As·one·might·expect,·the·majority·of·the·time·is·now·spent·in
222	apply_integrate_f,·so·if·we·wanted·to·make·anymore·efficiencies·we·must	222	apply_integrate_f,·so·if·we·wanted·to·make·anymore·efficiencies·we·must
223	continue·to·concentrate·our·efforts·here.	223	continue·to·concentrate·our·efforts·here.
224	**·More·advanced·techniquesÂ¶·**	224	**·More·advanced·techniquesÂ¶·**
225	There·is·still·hope·for·improvement.·Hereâs·an·example·of·using·some·more	225	There·is·still·hope·for·improvement.·Hereâs·an·example·of·using·some·more
226	advanced·Cython·techniques:	226	advanced·Cython·techniques:
227	In·[12]:·%%cython	227	In·[12]:·%%cython
Offset 420, 29 lines modified		Offset 420, 29 lines modified
420	In·[13]:·nrows,·ncols·=·20000,·100	420	In·[13]:·nrows,·ncols·=·20000,·100

421	In·[14]:·df1,·df2,·df3,·df4·=·[pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(nrows,·ncols))·for	421	In·[14]:·df1,·df2,·df3,·df4·=·[pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(nrows,·ncols))·for
422	_·in·range(4)]	422	_·in·range(4)]
423	Now·letâs·compare·adding·them·together·using·plain·olâ·Python·versus·eval	423	Now·letâs·compare·adding·them·together·using·plain·olâ·Python·versus·eval
424	():	424	():
425	In·[15]:·%timeit·df1·+·df2·+·df3·+·df4	425	In·[15]:·%timeit·df1·+·df2·+·df3·+·df4
426	39.1·ms·+-·1.7·ms·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)	426	69.9·ms·+-·3.57·ms·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)
427	In·[16]:·%timeit·pd.eval('df1·+·df2·+·df3·+·df4')	427	In·[16]:·%timeit·pd.eval('df1·+·df2·+·df3·+·df4')
428	28.2·ms·+-·~~554~~·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)	428	39.7·ms·+-·1.13·ms·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)
429	Now·letâs·do·the·same·thing·but·with·comparisons:	429	Now·letâs·do·the·same·thing·but·with·comparisons:
430	In·[17]:·%timeit·(df1·>·0)·&·(df2·>·0)·&·(df3·>·0)·&·(df4·>·0)	430	In·[17]:·%timeit·(df1·>·0)·&·(df2·>·0)·&·(df3·>·0)·&·(df4·>·0)
431	69.2·ms·+-·~~962~~·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)	431	78.2·ms·+-·1.57·ms·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)
432	In·[18]:·%timeit·pd.eval('(df1·>·0)·&·(df2·>·0)·&·(df3·>·0)·&·(df4·>·0)')	432	In·[18]:·%timeit·pd.eval('(df1·>·0)·&·(df2·>·0)·&·(df3·>·0)·&·(df4·>·0)')
433	45.5·ms·+-·1.83·ms·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)	433	34.6·ms·+-·1.51·ms·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)
434	eval()·also·works·with·unaligned·pandas·objects:	434	eval()·also·works·with·unaligned·pandas·objects:
435	In·[19]:·s·=·pd.Series(np.random.randn(50))	435	In·[19]:·s·=·pd.Series(np.random.randn(50))

436	In·[20]:·%timeit·df1·+·df2·+·df3·+·df4·+·s	436	In·[20]:·%timeit·df1·+·df2·+·df3·+·df4·+·s
437	8~~5.4~~·ms·+-·1~~5.1~~·ms·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)	437	106·ms·+-·668·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)
438	In·[21]:·%timeit·pd.eval('df1·+·df2·+·df3·+·df4·+·s')	438	In·[21]:·%timeit·pd.eval('df1·+·df2·+·df3·+·df4·+·s')
439	33.5·ms·+-·1~~.07~~·ms·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)	439	39.9·ms·+-·711·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)
440	Note	440	Note
441	Operations·such·as	441	Operations·such·as
442	·····1·and·2··#·would·parse·to·1·&·2,·but·should·evaluate·to·2	442	·····1·and·2··#·would·parse·to·1·&·2,·but·should·evaluate·to·2
443	·····3·or·4··#·would·parse·to·3·\|·4,·but·should·evaluate·to·3	443	·····3·or·4··#·would·parse·to·3·\|·4,·but·should·evaluate·to·3
444	·····~1··#·this·is·okay,·but·slower·when·using·eval	444	·····~1··#·this·is·okay,·but·slower·when·using·eval
445	should·be·performed·in·Python.·An·exception·will·be·raised·if·you·try·to	445	should·be·performed·in·Python.·An·exception·will·be·raised·if·you·try·to
446	perform·any·boolean/bitwise·operations·with·scalar·operands·that·are·not·of	446	perform·any·boolean/bitwise·operations·with·scalar·operands·that·are·not·of
Offset 667, 17 lines modified		Offset 667, 17 lines modified
667	Note	667	Note
668	Using·the·'python'·engine·is·generally·not·useful,·except·for·testing·other	668	Using·the·'python'·engine·is·generally·not·useful,·except·for·testing·other
669	evaluation·engines·against·it.·You·will·achieve·no·performance·benefits·using	669	evaluation·engines·against·it.·You·will·achieve·no·performance·benefits·using
670	eval()·with·engine='python'·and·in·fact·may·incur·a·performance·hit.	670	eval()·with·engine='python'·and·in·fact·may·incur·a·performance·hit.
671	You·can·see·this·by·using·pandas.eval()·with·the·'python'·engine.·It·is·a·bit	671	You·can·see·this·by·using·pandas.eval()·with·the·'python'·engine.·It·is·a·bit
672	slower·(not·by·much)·than·evaluating·the·same·expression·in·Python	672	slower·(not·by·much)·than·evaluating·the·same·expression·in·Python
673	In·[62]:·%timeit·df1·+·df2·+·df3·+·df4	673	In·[62]:·%timeit·df1·+·df2·+·df3·+·df4
674	54.1·ms·+-·1~~1.2~~·ms·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)	674	68.1·ms·+-·1.53·ms·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)
675	In·[63]:·%timeit·pd.eval('df1·+·df2·+·df3·+·df4',·engine='python')	675	In·[63]:·%timeit·pd.eval('df1·+·df2·+·df3·+·df4',·engine='python')
676	50·ms·+-·2.45·ms·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)	676	75.5·ms·+-·3.69·ms·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)
677	**·pandas.eval()·performanceÂ¶·**	677	**·pandas.eval()·performanceÂ¶·**
678	eval()·is·intended·to·speed·up·certain·kinds·of·operations.·In·particular,	678	eval()·is·intended·to·speed·up·certain·kinds·of·operations.·In·particular,
679	those·operations·involving·complex·expressions·with·large·DataFrame/Series	679	those·operations·involving·complex·expressions·with·large·DataFrame/Series
680	objects·should·see·a·significant·performance·benefit.·Here·is·a·plot·showing	680	objects·should·see·a·significant·performance·benefit.·Here·is·a·plot·showing
681	the·running·time·of·pandas.eval()·as·function·of·the·size·of·the·frame·involved	681	the·running·time·of·pandas.eval()·as·function·of·the·size·of·the·frame·involved
682	in·the·computation.·The·two·lines·are·two·different·engines.	682	in·the·computation.·The·two·lines·are·two·different·engines.
683	[../_images/eval-perf.png]	683	[../_images/eval-perf.png]


Offset 559, 15 lines modified		Offset 559, 15 lines modified
559	<span·class="gp">In·[59]:·</span><span·class="n">grouped_C</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">grouped</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="s1">'C'</span><span·class="p">]</span>	559	<span·class="gp">In·[59]:·</span><span·class="n">grouped_C</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">grouped</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="s1">'C'</span><span·class="p">]</span>

560	<span·class="gp">In·[60]:·</span><span·class="n">grouped_D</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">grouped</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="s1">'D'</span><span·class="p">]</span>	560	<span·class="gp">In·[60]:·</span><span·class="n">grouped_D</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">grouped</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="s1">'D'</span><span·class="p">]</span>
561	</pre></div>	561	</pre></div>
562	</div>	562	</div>
563	<p>This·is·mainly·syntactic·sugar·for·the·alternative·and·much·more·verbose:</p>	563	<p>This·is·mainly·syntactic·sugar·for·the·alternative·and·much·more·verbose:</p>
564	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[61]:·</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="s1">'C'</span><span·class="p">]</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">groupby</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="s1">'A'</span><span·class="p">])</span>	564	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[61]:·</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="s1">'C'</span><span·class="p">]</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">groupby</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="s1">'A'</span><span·class="p">])</span>
565	<span·class="gh">Out[61]:·</span><span·class="go"><pandas.core.groupby.generic.SeriesGroupBy·object·at·0xe0e5~~3bb0~~></span>	565	<span·class="gh">Out[61]:·</span><span·class="go"><pandas.core.groupby.generic.SeriesGroupBy·object·at·0xa0757e68></span>
566	</pre></div>	566	</pre></div>
567	</div>	567	</div>
568	<p>Additionally·this·method·avoids·recomputing·the·internal·grouping·information	568	<p>Additionally·this·method·avoids·recomputing·the·internal·grouping·information
569	derived·from·the·passed·key.</p>	569	derived·from·the·passed·key.</p>
570	</div>	570	</div>
571	</div>	571	</div>
572	<div·class="section"·id="iterating-through-groups">	572	<div·class="section"·id="iterating-through-groups">


Offset 444, 15 lines modified		Offset 444, 15 lines modified
444	In·[58]:·grouped·=·df.groupby(['A'])	444	In·[58]:·grouped·=·df.groupby(['A'])

445	In·[59]:·grouped_C·=·grouped['C']	445	In·[59]:·grouped_C·=·grouped['C']

446	In·[60]:·grouped_D·=·grouped['D']	446	In·[60]:·grouped_D·=·grouped['D']
447	This·is·mainly·syntactic·sugar·for·the·alternative·and·much·more·verbose:	447	This·is·mainly·syntactic·sugar·for·the·alternative·and·much·more·verbose:
448	In·[61]:·df['C'].groupby(df['A'])	448	In·[61]:·df['C'].groupby(df['A'])
449	Out[61]:·<pandas.core.groupby.generic.SeriesGroupBy·object·at·0xe0e5~~3bb0~~>	449	Out[61]:·<pandas.core.groupby.generic.SeriesGroupBy·object·at·0xa0757e68>
450	Additionally·this·method·avoids·recomputing·the·internal·grouping·information	450	Additionally·this·method·avoids·recomputing·the·internal·grouping·information
451	derived·from·the·passed·key.	451	derived·from·the·passed·key.
452	***·Iterating·through·groupsÂ¶·***	452	***·Iterating·through·groupsÂ¶·***
453	With·the·GroupBy·object·in·hand,·iterating·through·the·grouped·data·is·very	453	With·the·GroupBy·object·in·hand,·iterating·through·the·grouped·data·is·very
454	natural·and·functions·similarly·to·itertools.groupby():	454	natural·and·functions·similarly·to·itertools.groupby():
455	In·[62]:·grouped·=·df.groupby('A')	455	In·[62]:·grouped·=·df.groupby('A')


Offset 2069, 15 lines modified		Offset 2069, 15 lines modified
2069	<span·class="go">9···0.732206··0.419540··0.604675</span>	2069	<span·class="go">9···0.732206··0.419540··0.604675</span>
2070	<span·class="go">10··0.604466··0.848974··0.896165</span>	2070	<span·class="go">10··0.604466··0.848974··0.896165</span>
2071	<span·class="go">11··0.589168··0.920046··0.732716</span>	2071	<span·class="go">11··0.589168··0.920046··0.732716</span>

2072	<span·class="gp">In·[230]:·</span><span·class="n">expr</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="s1">'0.0·<=·a·<=·c·<=·0.5'</span>	2072	<span·class="gp">In·[230]:·</span><span·class="n">expr</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="s1">'0.0·<=·a·<=·c·<=·0.5'</span>

2073	<span·class="gp">In·[231]:·</span><span·class="nb">map</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="k">lambda</span>·<span·class="n">frame</span><span·class="p">:</span>·<span·class="n">frame</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">query</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">expr</span><span·class="p">),</span>·<span·class="p">[</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">df2</span><span·class="p">])</span>	2073	<span·class="gp">In·[231]:·</span><span·class="nb">map</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="k">lambda</span>·<span·class="n">frame</span><span·class="p">:</span>·<span·class="n">frame</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">query</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">expr</span><span·class="p">),</span>·<span·class="p">[</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">df2</span><span·class="p">])</span>
2074	<span·class="gh">Out[231]:·</span><span·class="go"><map·at·0x~~e64~~7~~f1a8~~></span>	2074	<span·class="gh">Out[231]:·</span><span·class="go"><map·at·0xa4f78790></span>
2075	</pre></div>	2075	</pre></div>
2076	</div>	2076	</div>
2077	</div>	2077	</div>
2078	<div·class="section"·id="query-python-versus-pandas-syntax-comparison">	2078	<div·class="section"·id="query-python-versus-pandas-syntax-comparison">
2079	<h3><a·class="reference·internal"·href="../reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.query.html#pandas.DataFrame.query"·title="pandas.DataFrame.query"><code·class="xref·py·py-meth·docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">query()</span></code></a>·Python·versus·pandas·Syntax·Comparison<a·class="headerlink"·href="#query-python-versus-pandas-syntax-comparison"·title="Permalink·to·this·headline">¶</a></h3>	2079	<h3><a·class="reference·internal"·href="../reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.query.html#pandas.DataFrame.query"·title="pandas.DataFrame.query"><code·class="xref·py·py-meth·docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">query()</span></code></a>·Python·versus·pandas·Syntax·Comparison<a·class="headerlink"·href="#query-python-versus-pandas-syntax-comparison"·title="Permalink·to·this·headline">¶</a></h3>
2080	<p>Full·numpy-like·syntax:</p>	2080	<p>Full·numpy-like·syntax:</p>
2081	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[232]:·</span><span·class="n">df</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">DataFrame</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">np</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">random</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">randint</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">n</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">size</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">n</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="mi">3</span><span·class="p">)),</span>·<span·class="n">columns</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="nb">list</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="s1">'abc'</span><span·class="p">))</span>	2081	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[232]:·</span><span·class="n">df</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">DataFrame</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">np</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">random</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">randint</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">n</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">size</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">n</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="mi">3</span><span·class="p">)),</span>·<span·class="n">columns</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="nb">list</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="s1">'abc'</span><span·class="p">))</span>


Offset 1773, 15 lines modified		Offset 1773, 15 lines modified
1773	9···0.732206··0.419540··0.604675	1773	9···0.732206··0.419540··0.604675
1774	10··0.604466··0.848974··0.896165	1774	10··0.604466··0.848974··0.896165
1775	11··0.589168··0.920046··0.732716	1775	11··0.589168··0.920046··0.732716

1776	In·[230]:·expr·=·'0.0·<=·a·<=·c·<=·0.5'	1776	In·[230]:·expr·=·'0.0·<=·a·<=·c·<=·0.5'

1777	In·[231]:·map(lambda·frame:·frame.query(expr),·[df,·df2])	1777	In·[231]:·map(lambda·frame:·frame.query(expr),·[df,·df2])
1778	Out[231]:·<map·at·0x~~e64~~7~~f1a8~~>	1778	Out[231]:·<map·at·0xa4f78790>
1779	**·query()·Python·versus·pandas·Syntax·ComparisonÂ¶·**	1779	**·query()·Python·versus·pandas·Syntax·ComparisonÂ¶·**
1780	Full·numpy-like·syntax:	1780	Full·numpy-like·syntax:
1781	In·[232]:·df·=·pd.DataFrame(np.random.randint(n,·size=(n,·3)),·columns=list	1781	In·[232]:·df·=·pd.DataFrame(np.random.randint(n,·size=(n,·3)),·columns=list
1782	('abc'))	1782	('abc'))

1783	In·[233]:·df	1783	In·[233]:·df
1784	Out[233]:	1784	Out[233]:


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6299	-rw-r--r--···0·root·········(0)·root·········(0)····75718·2021-01-12·21:06:04.000000·./usr/share/doc/python-pandas-doc/html/user_guide/options.html	6299	-rw-r--r--···0·root·········(0)·root·········(0)····75718·2021-01-12·21:06:04.000000·./usr/share/doc/python-pandas-doc/html/user_guide/options.html
6300	-rw-r--r--···0·root·········(0)·root·········(0)···163930·2021-01-12·21:06:04.000000·./usr/share/doc/python-pandas-doc/html/user_guide/reshaping.html	6300	-rw-r--r--···0·root·········(0)·root·········(0)···163930·2021-01-12·21:06:04.000000·./usr/share/doc/python-pandas-doc/html/user_guide/reshaping.html
6301	-rw-r--r--···0·root·········(0)·root·········(0)····73914·2021-01-12·21:06:04.000000·./usr/share/doc/python-pandas-doc/html/user_guide/scale.html	6301	-rw-r--r--···0·root·········(0)·root·········(0)····73914·2021-01-12·21:06:04.000000·./usr/share/doc/python-pandas-doc/html/user_guide/scale.html
6302	-rw-r--r--···0·root·········(0)·root·········(0)····59327·2021-01-12·21:06:04.000000·./usr/share/doc/python-pandas-doc/html/user_guide/sparse.html	6302	-rw-r--r--···0·root·········(0)·root·········(0)····59327·2021-01-12·21:06:04.000000·./usr/share/doc/python-pandas-doc/html/user_guide/sparse.html
6303	-rw-r--r--···0·root·········(0)·root·········(0)···542658·2021-01-12·21:06:04.000000·./usr/share/doc/python-pandas-doc/html/user_guide/style.html	6303	-rw-r--r--···0·root·········(0)·root·········(0)···542658·2021-01-12·21:06:04.000000·./usr/share/doc/python-pandas-doc/html/user_guide/style.html
6304	-rw-r--r--···0·root·········(0)·root·········(0)····39351·2021-01-12·21:06:04.000000·./usr/share/doc/python-pandas-doc/html/user_guide/style.ipynb.gz	6304	-rw-r--r--···0·root·········(0)·root·········(0)····39343·2021-01-12·21:06:04.000000·./usr/share/doc/python-pandas-doc/html/user_guide/style.ipynb.gz


Offset 122, 24 lines modified		Offset 122, 24 lines modified
122	<span·class="go">10·loops,·best·of·3:·174·ms·per·loop</span>	122	<span·class="go">10·loops,·best·of·3:·174·ms·per·loop</span>
123	</pre></div>	123	</pre></div>
124	</div>	124	</div>
125	<p>But·clearly·this·isn’t·fast·enough·for·us.·Let’s·take·a·look·and·see·where·the	125	<p>But·clearly·this·isn’t·fast·enough·for·us.·Let’s·take·a·look·and·see·where·the
126	time·is·spent·during·this·operation·(limited·to·the·most·time·consuming	126	time·is·spent·during·this·operation·(limited·to·the·most·time·consuming
127	four·calls)·using·the·<a·class="reference·external"·href="https://ipython.readthedocs.io/en/stable/interactive/magics.html#magic-prun">prun·ipython·magic·function</a>:</p>	127	four·calls)·using·the·<a·class="reference·external"·href="https://ipython.readthedocs.io/en/stable/interactive/magics.html#magic-prun">prun·ipython·magic·function</a>:</p>
128	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[5]:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">prun</span>·-l·4·df.apply(lambda·x:·integrate_f(x['a'],·x['b'],·x['N']),·axis=1)··#·noqa·E999	128	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[5]:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">prun</span>·-l·4·df.apply(lambda·x:·integrate_f(x['a'],·x['b'],·x['N']),·axis=1)··#·noqa·E999
129	<span·class="go">·········622830·function·calls·(622809·primitive·calls)·in·0.~~798~~·seconds</span>	129	<span·class="go">·········622830·function·calls·(622809·primitive·calls)·in·0.810·seconds</span>

130	<span·class="go">···Ordered·by:·internal·time</span>	130	<span·class="go">···Ordered·by:·internal·time</span>
131	<span·class="go">···List·reduced·from·214·to·4·due·to·restriction·<4></span>	131	<span·class="go">···List·reduced·from·214·to·4·due·to·restriction·<4></span>

132	<span·class="go">···ncalls··tottime··percall··cumtime··percall·filename:lineno(function)</span>	132	<span·class="go">···ncalls··tottime··percall··cumtime··percall·filename:lineno(function)</span>
133	<span·class="go">·····1000····0.469····0.000····0.688····0.001·<ipython-input-4-c2a74e076cf0>:1(integrate_f)</span>	133	<span·class="go">·····1000····0.479····0.000····0.695····0.001·<ipython-input-4-c2a74e076cf0>:1(integrate_f)</span>
134	<span·class="go">···552423····0.219····0.000····0.219····0.000·<ipython-input-3-c138bdd570e3>:1(f)</span>	134	<span·class="go">···552423····0.217····0.000····0.217····0.000·<ipython-input-3-c138bdd570e3>:1(f)</span>
135	<span·class="go">·····3000····0.014····0.000····0.078····0.000·series.py:868(__getitem__)</span>	135	<span·class="go">·····3000····0.015····0.000····0.080····0.000·series.py:868(__getitem__)</span>
136	<span·class="go">·····3000····0.010····0.000····0.056····0.000·series.py:973(_get_value)</span>	136	<span·class="go">·····3000····0.010····0.000····0.057····0.000·series.py:973(_get_value)</span>
137	</pre></div>	137	</pre></div>
138	</div>	138	</div>
139	<p>By·far·the·majority·of·time·is·spend·inside·either·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">integrate_f</span></code>·or·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">f</span></code>,	139	<p>By·far·the·majority·of·time·is·spend·inside·either·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">integrate_f</span></code>·or·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">f</span></code>,
140	hence·we’ll·concentrate·our·efforts·cythonizing·these·two·functions.</p>	140	hence·we’ll·concentrate·our·efforts·cythonizing·these·two·functions.</p>
141	</div>	141	</div>
142	<div·class="section"·id="plain-cython">	142	<div·class="section"·id="plain-cython">
143	<span·id="enhancingperf-plain"></span><h3>Plain·Cython<a·class="headerlink"·href="#plain-cython"·title="Permalink·to·this·headline">¶</a></h3>	143	<span·id="enhancingperf-plain"></span><h3>Plain·Cython<a·class="headerlink"·href="#plain-cython"·title="Permalink·to·this·headline">¶</a></h3>
Offset 193, 24 lines modified		Offset 193, 24 lines modified
193	<span·class="go">10·loops,·best·of·3:·20.3·ms·per·loop</span>	193	<span·class="go">10·loops,·best·of·3:·20.3·ms·per·loop</span>
194	</pre></div>	194	</pre></div>
195	</div>	195	</div>
196	<p>Now,·we’re·talking!·It’s·now·over·ten·times·faster·than·the·original·python	196	<p>Now,·we’re·talking!·It’s·now·over·ten·times·faster·than·the·original·python
197	implementation,·and·we·haven’t·<em>really</em>·modified·the·code.·Let’s·have·another	197	implementation,·and·we·haven’t·<em>really</em>·modified·the·code.·Let’s·have·another
198	look·at·what’s·eating·up·time:</p>	198	look·at·what’s·eating·up·time:</p>
199	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[9]:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">prun</span>·-l·4·df.apply(lambda·x:·integrate_f_typed(x['a'],·x['b'],·x['N']),·axis=1)	199	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[9]:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">prun</span>·-l·4·df.apply(lambda·x:·integrate_f_typed(x['a'],·x['b'],·x['N']),·axis=1)
200	<span·class="go">·········70396·function·calls·(70375·primitive·calls)·in·0.111·seconds</span>	200	<span·class="go">·········70396·function·calls·(70375·primitive·calls)·in·0.122·seconds</span>

201	<span·class="go">···Ordered·by:·internal·time</span>	201	<span·class="go">···Ordered·by:·internal·time</span>
202	<span·class="go">···List·reduced·from·208·to·4·due·to·restriction·<4></span>	202	<span·class="go">···List·reduced·from·208·to·4·due·to·restriction·<4></span>

203	<span·class="go">···ncalls··tottime··percall··cumtime··percall·filename:lineno(function)</span>	203	<span·class="go">···ncalls··tottime··percall··cumtime··percall·filename:lineno(function)</span>


Offset 2085, 15 lines modified		Offset 2085, 15 lines modified
2085	</pre></div>	2085	</pre></div>
2086	</div>	2086	</div>
2087	<p>By·specifying·a·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">chunksize</span></code>·to·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">read_csv</span></code>,·the·return	2087	<p>By·specifying·a·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">chunksize</span></code>·to·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">read_csv</span></code>,·the·return
2088	value·will·be·an·iterable·object·of·type·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">TextFileReader</span></code>:</p>	2088	value·will·be·an·iterable·object·of·type·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">TextFileReader</span></code>:</p>
2089	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[190]:·</span><span·class="n">reader</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">read_csv</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="s1">'tmp.sv'</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">sep</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="s1">'\|'</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">chunksize</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="mi">4</span><span·class="p">)</span>	2089	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[190]:·</span><span·class="n">reader</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">read_csv</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="s1">'tmp.sv'</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">sep</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="s1">'\|'</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">chunksize</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="mi">4</span><span·class="p">)</span>

2090	<span·class="gp">In·[191]:·</span><span·class="n">reader</span>	2090	<span·class="gp">In·[191]:·</span><span·class="n">reader</span>
2091	<span·class="gh">Out[191]:·</span><span·class="go"><pandas.io.parsers.TextFileReader·at·0x~~e1bf65c8~~></span>	2091	<span·class="gh">Out[191]:·</span><span·class="go"><pandas.io.parsers.TextFileReader·at·0xa0d64af0></span>

2092	<span·class="gp">In·[192]:·</span><span·class="k">for</span>·<span·class="n">chunk</span>·<span·class="ow">in</span>·<span·class="n">reader</span><span·class="p">:</span>	2092	<span·class="gp">In·[192]:·</span><span·class="k">for</span>·<span·class="n">chunk</span>·<span·class="ow">in</span>·<span·class="n">reader</span><span·class="p">:</span>
2093	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span>····<span·class="nb">print</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">chunk</span><span·class="p">)</span>	2093	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span>····<span·class="nb">print</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">chunk</span><span·class="p">)</span>
2094	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span>	2094	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span>
2095	<span·class="go">···Unnamed:·0·········0·········1·········2·········3</span>	2095	<span·class="go">···Unnamed:·0·········0·········1·········2·········3</span>
2096	<span·class="go">0···········0··0.469112·-0.282863·-1.509059·-1.135632</span>	2096	<span·class="go">0···········0··0.469112·-0.282863·-1.509059·-1.135632</span>
2097	<span·class="go">1···········1··1.212112·-0.173215··0.119209·-1.044236</span>	2097	<span·class="go">1···········1··1.212112·-0.173215··0.119209·-1.044236</span>
Offset 2679, 31 lines modified		Offset 2679, 31 lines modified

2679	<span·class="gp">In·[249]:·</span><span·class="n">dffloats</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">DataFrame</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">randfloats</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">columns</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="nb">list</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="s1">'ABCDEFGHIJ'</span><span·class="p">))</span>	2679	<span·class="gp">In·[249]:·</span><span·class="n">dffloats</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">DataFrame</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">randfloats</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">columns</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="nb">list</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="s1">'ABCDEFGHIJ'</span><span·class="p">))</span>

2680	<span·class="gp">In·[250]:·</span><span·class="n">jsonfloats</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">dffloats</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">to_json</span><span·class="p">()</span>	2680	<span·class="gp">In·[250]:·</span><span·class="n">jsonfloats</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">dffloats</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">to_json</span><span·class="p">()</span>
2681	</pre></div>	2681	</pre></div>
2682	</div>	2682	</div>
2683	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[251]:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">timeit</span>·pd.read_json(jsonfloats)	2683	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[251]:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">timeit</span>·pd.read_json(jsonfloats)
2684	<span·class="go">42.5·ms·+-·~~231~~·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)</span>	2684	<span·class="go">43.5·ms·+-·688·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)</span>
2685	</pre></div>	2685	</pre></div>
2686	</div>	2686	</div>
2687	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[252]:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">timeit</span>·pd.read_json(jsonfloats,·numpy=True)	2687	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[252]:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">timeit</span>·pd.read_json(jsonfloats,·numpy=True)
2688	<span·class="go">29.7·ms·+-·~~167~~·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)</span>	2688	<span·class="go">30.5·ms·+-·303·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)</span>
2689	</pre></div>	2689	</pre></div>
2690	</div>	2690	</div>
2691	<p>The·speedup·is·less·noticeable·for·smaller·datasets:</p>	2691	<p>The·speedup·is·less·noticeable·for·smaller·datasets:</p>
2692	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[253]:·</span><span·class="n">jsonfloats</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">dffloats</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">head</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="mi">100</span><span·class="p">)</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">to_json</span><span·class="p">()</span>	2692	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[253]:·</span><span·class="n">jsonfloats</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">dffloats</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">head</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="mi">100</span><span·class="p">)</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">to_json</span><span·class="p">()</span>
2693	</pre></div>	2693	</pre></div>
2694	</div>	2694	</div>
2695	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[254]:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">timeit</span>·pd.read_json(jsonfloats)	2695	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[254]:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">timeit</span>·pd.read_json(jsonfloats)
2696	<span·class="go">25.3·ms·+-·668·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)</span>	2696	<span·class="go">25.3·ms·+-·198·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)</span>
2697	</pre></div>	2697	</pre></div>
2698	</div>	2698	</div>


Offset 1717, 15 lines modified		Offset 1717, 15 lines modified
1717	8···········8··1.075770·-0.109050··1.643563·-1.469388	1717	8···········8··1.075770·-0.109050··1.643563·-1.469388
1718	9···········9··0.357021·-0.674600·-1.776904·-0.968914	1718	9···········9··0.357021·-0.674600·-1.776904·-0.968914
1719	By·specifying·a·chunksize·to·read_csv,·the·return·value·will·be·an·iterable	1719	By·specifying·a·chunksize·to·read_csv,·the·return·value·will·be·an·iterable
1720	object·of·type·TextFileReader:	1720	object·of·type·TextFileReader:
1721	In·[190]:·reader·=·pd.read_csv('tmp.sv',·sep='\|',·chunksize=4)	1721	In·[190]:·reader·=·pd.read_csv('tmp.sv',·sep='\|',·chunksize=4)

1722	In·[191]:·reader	1722	In·[191]:·reader
1723	Out[191]:·<pandas.io.parsers.TextFileReader·at·0x~~e1bf65c8~~>	1723	Out[191]:·<pandas.io.parsers.TextFileReader·at·0xa0d64af0>

1724	In·[192]:·for·chunk·in·reader:	1724	In·[192]:·for·chunk·in·reader:
1725	···.....:·····print(chunk)	1725	···.....:·····print(chunk)
1726	···.....:	1726	···.....:
1727	···Unnamed:·0·········0·········1·········2·········3	1727	···Unnamed:·0·········0·········1·········2·········3
1728	0···········0··0.469112·-0.282863·-1.509059·-1.135632	1728	0···········0··0.469112·-0.282863·-1.509059·-1.135632
1729	1···········1··1.212112·-0.173215··0.119209·-1.044236	1729	1···········1··1.212112·-0.173215··0.119209·-1.044236
Offset 2220, 23 lines modified		Offset 2220, 23 lines modified

2220	In·[248]:·randfloats.shape·=·(1000,·10)	2220	In·[248]:·randfloats.shape·=·(1000,·10)

2221	In·[249]:·dffloats·=·pd.DataFrame(randfloats,·columns=list('ABCDEFGHIJ'))	2221	In·[249]:·dffloats·=·pd.DataFrame(randfloats,·columns=list('ABCDEFGHIJ'))

2222	In·[250]:·jsonfloats·=·dffloats.to_json()	2222	In·[250]:·jsonfloats·=·dffloats.to_json()
2223	In·[251]:·%timeit·pd.read_json(jsonfloats)	2223	In·[251]:·%timeit·pd.read_json(jsonfloats)
2224	42.5·ms·+-·~~231~~·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)	2224	43.5·ms·+-·688·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)
2225	In·[252]:·%timeit·pd.read_json(jsonfloats,·numpy=True)	2225	In·[252]:·%timeit·pd.read_json(jsonfloats,·numpy=True)
2226	29.7·ms·+-·~~167~~·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)	2226	30.5·ms·+-·303·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)
2227	The·speedup·is·less·noticeable·for·smaller·datasets:	2227	The·speedup·is·less·noticeable·for·smaller·datasets:
2228	In·[253]:·jsonfloats·=·dffloats.head(100).to_json()	2228	In·[253]:·jsonfloats·=·dffloats.head(100).to_json()
2229	In·[254]:·%timeit·pd.read_json(jsonfloats)	2229	In·[254]:·%timeit·pd.read_json(jsonfloats)
2230	25.3·ms·+-·668·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)	2230	25.3·ms·+-·198·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)
2231	In·[255]:·%timeit·pd.read_json(jsonfloats,·numpy=True)	2231	In·[255]:·%timeit·pd.read_json(jsonfloats,·numpy=True)
2232	20.9·ms·+-·238·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)	2232	21.5·ms·+-·58·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)
2233	Warning	2233	Warning
2234	Direct·NumPy·decoding·makes·a·number·of·assumptions·and·may·fail·or·produce	2234	Direct·NumPy·decoding·makes·a·number·of·assumptions·and·may·fail·or·produce
2235	unexpected·output·if·these·assumptions·are·not·satisfied:	2235	unexpected·output·if·these·assumptions·are·not·satisfied:
2236	·········*·data·is·numeric.	2236	·········*·data·is·numeric.
2237	·········*·data·is·uniform.·The·dtype·is·sniffed·from·the·first·value	2237	·········*·data·is·uniform.·The·dtype·is·sniffed·from·the·first·value
2238	···········decoded.·A·ValueError·may·be·raised,·or·incorrect·output·may·be	2238	···········decoded.·A·ValueError·may·be·raised,·or·incorrect·output·may·be


Offset 232, 17 lines modified		Offset 232, 17 lines modified
232	<span·class="go">e··0.119209·-1.044236·-0.861849··bar···True·2012-01-01</span>	232	<span·class="go">e··0.119209·-1.044236·-0.861849··bar···True·2012-01-01</span>
233	<span·class="go">f·-2.104569·-0.494929··1.071804··bar··False·2012-01-01</span>	233	<span·class="go">f·-2.104569·-0.494929··1.071804··bar··False·2012-01-01</span>
234	<span·class="go">h·······NaN·-0.706771·-1.039575··bar···True········NaT</span>	234	<span·class="go">h·······NaN·-0.706771·-1.039575··bar···True········NaT</span>

235	<span·class="gp">In·[20]:·</span><span·class="n">df2</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">dtypes</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">value_counts</span><span·class="p">()</span>	235	<span·class="gp">In·[20]:·</span><span·class="n">df2</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">dtypes</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">value_counts</span><span·class="p">()</span>
236	<span·class="gh">Out[20]:·</span><span·class="go"></span>	236	<span·class="gh">Out[20]:·</span><span·class="go"></span>
237	<span·class="go">float64···········3</span>	237	<span·class="go">float64···········3</span>
238	<span·class="go">datetime64[ns]····1</span>
239	<span·class="go">object············1</span>
240	<span·class="go">bool··············1</span>	238	<span·class="go">bool··············1</span>
		239	<span·class="go">object············1</span>
		240	<span·class="go">datetime64[ns]····1</span>
241	<span·class="go">dtype:·int64</span>	241	<span·class="go">dtype:·int64</span>
242	</pre></div>	242	</pre></div>
243	</div>	243	</div>
244	</div>	244	</div>
245	</div>	245	</div>
246	<div·class="section"·id="inserting-missing-data">	246	<div·class="section"·id="inserting-missing-data">
247	<span·id="missing-inserting"></span><h2>Inserting·missing·data<a·class="headerlink"·href="#inserting-missing-data"·title="Permalink·to·this·headline">¶</a></h2>	247	<span·id="missing-inserting"></span><h2>Inserting·missing·data<a·class="headerlink"·href="#inserting-missing-data"·title="Permalink·to·this·headline">¶</a></h2>


Offset 182, 17 lines modified		Offset 182, 17 lines modified
182	e··0.119209·-1.044236·-0.861849··bar···True·2012-01-01	182	e··0.119209·-1.044236·-0.861849··bar···True·2012-01-01
183	f·-2.104569·-0.494929··1.071804··bar··False·2012-01-01	183	f·-2.104569·-0.494929··1.071804··bar··False·2012-01-01
184	h·······NaN·-0.706771·-1.039575··bar···True········NaT	184	h·······NaN·-0.706771·-1.039575··bar···True········NaT

185	In·[20]:·df2.dtypes.value_counts()	185	In·[20]:·df2.dtypes.value_counts()
186	Out[20]:	186	Out[20]:
187	float64···········3	187	float64···········3
188	datetime64[ns]····1
189	object············1
190	bool··············1	188	bool··············1
		189	object············1
		190	datetime64[ns]····1
191	dtype:·int64	191	dtype:·int64
192	***·Inserting·missing·dataÂ¶·***	192	***·Inserting·missing·dataÂ¶·***
193	You·can·insert·missing·values·by·simply·assigning·to·containers.·The·actual	193	You·can·insert·missing·values·by·simply·assigning·to·containers.·The·actual
194	missing·value·used·will·be·chosen·based·on·the·dtype.	194	missing·value·used·will·be·chosen·based·on·the·dtype.
195	For·example,·numeric·containers·will·always·use·NaN·regardless·of·the·missing	195	For·example,·numeric·containers·will·always·use·NaN·regardless·of·the·missing
196	value·type·chosen:	196	value·type·chosen:
197	In·[21]:·s·=·pd.Series([1,·2,·3])	197	In·[21]:·s·=·pd.Series([1,·2,·3])


Offset 314, 16 lines modified		Offset 314, 16 lines modified
314	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span><span·class="n">files</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">pathlib</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">Path</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="s2">"data/timeseries/"</span><span·class="p">)</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">glob</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="s2">"ts*.parquet"</span><span·class="p">)</span>	314	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span><span·class="n">files</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">pathlib</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">Path</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="s2">"data/timeseries/"</span><span·class="p">)</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">glob</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="s2">"ts*.parquet"</span><span·class="p">)</span>
315	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span><span·class="n">counts</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">Series</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">dtype</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="nb">int</span><span·class="p">)</span>	315	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span><span·class="n">counts</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">Series</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">dtype</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="nb">int</span><span·class="p">)</span>
316	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span><span·class="k">for</span>·<span·class="n">path</span>·<span·class="ow">in</span>·<span·class="n">files</span><span·class="p">:</span>	316	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span><span·class="k">for</span>·<span·class="n">path</span>·<span·class="ow">in</span>·<span·class="n">files</span><span·class="p">:</span>
317	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span>····<span·class="n">df</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">read_parquet</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">path</span><span·class="p">)</span>	317	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span>····<span·class="n">df</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">read_parquet</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">path</span><span·class="p">)</span>
318	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span>····<span·class="n">counts</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">counts</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">add</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="s1">'name'</span><span·class="p">]</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">value_counts</span><span·class="p">(),</span>·<span·class="n">fill_value</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="mi">0</span><span·class="p">)</span>	318	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span>····<span·class="n">counts</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">counts</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">add</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="s1">'name'</span><span·class="p">]</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">value_counts</span><span·class="p">(),</span>·<span·class="n">fill_value</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="mi">0</span><span·class="p">)</span>
319	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span><span·class="n">counts</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">astype</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="nb">int</span><span·class="p">)</span>	319	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span><span·class="n">counts</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">astype</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="nb">int</span><span·class="p">)</span>
320	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span>	320	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span>
321	<span·class="go">CPU·times:·user·2.17·ms,·sys:·0·ns,·total:·2.17·ms</span>	321	<span·class="go">CPU·times:·user·2.83·ms,·sys:·0·ns,·total:·2.83·ms</span>
322	<span·class="go">Wall·time:·2.19·ms</span>	322	<span·class="go">Wall·time:·2.85·ms</span>
323	<span·class="gh">Out[19]:·</span><span·class="go">Series([],·dtype:·int32)</span>	323	<span·class="gh">Out[19]:·</span><span·class="go">Series([],·dtype:·int32)</span>
324	</pre></div>	324	</pre></div>
325	</div>	325	</div>
326	<p>Some·readers,·like·<a·class="reference·internal"·href="../reference/api/pandas.read_csv.html#pandas.read_csv"·title="pandas.read_csv"><code·class="xref·py·py-meth·docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">pandas.read_csv()</span></code></a>,·offer·parameters·to·control·the	326	<p>Some·readers,·like·<a·class="reference·internal"·href="../reference/api/pandas.read_csv.html#pandas.read_csv"·title="pandas.read_csv"><code·class="xref·py·py-meth·docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">pandas.read_csv()</span></code></a>,·offer·parameters·to·control·the
327	<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">chunksize</span></code>·when·reading·a·single·file.</p>	327	<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">chunksize</span></code>·when·reading·a·single·file.</p>
328	<p>Manually·chunking·is·an·OK·option·for·workflows·that·don’t	328	<p>Manually·chunking·is·an·OK·option·for·workflows·that·don’t
329	require·too·sophisticated·of·operations.·Some·operations,·like·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">groupby</span></code>,·are	329	require·too·sophisticated·of·operations.·Some·operations,·like·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">groupby</span></code>,·are


Offset 279, 16 lines modified		Offset 279, 16 lines modified
279	···....:·files·=·pathlib.Path("data/timeseries/").glob("ts*.parquet")	279	···....:·files·=·pathlib.Path("data/timeseries/").glob("ts*.parquet")
280	···....:·counts·=·pd.Series(dtype=int)	280	···....:·counts·=·pd.Series(dtype=int)
281	···....:·for·path·in·files:	281	···....:·for·path·in·files:
282	···....:·····df·=·pd.read_parquet(path)	282	···....:·····df·=·pd.read_parquet(path)
283	···....:·····counts·=·counts.add(df['name'].value_counts(),·fill_value=0)	283	···....:·····counts·=·counts.add(df['name'].value_counts(),·fill_value=0)
284	···....:·counts.astype(int)	284	···....:·counts.astype(int)
285	···....:	285	···....:
286	CPU·times:·user·2.17·ms,·sys:·0·ns,·total:·2.17·ms	286	CPU·times:·user·2.83·ms,·sys:·0·ns,·total:·2.83·ms
287	Wall·time:·2.19·ms	287	Wall·time:·2.85·ms
288	Out[19]:·Series([],·dtype:·int32)	288	Out[19]:·Series([],·dtype:·int32)
289	Some·readers,·like·pandas.read_csv(),·offer·parameters·to·control·the·chunksize	289	Some·readers,·like·pandas.read_csv(),·offer·parameters·to·control·the·chunksize
290	when·reading·a·single·file.	290	when·reading·a·single·file.
291	Manually·chunking·is·an·OK·option·for·workflows·that·donât·require·too	291	Manually·chunking·is·an·OK·option·for·workflows·that·donât·require·too
292	sophisticated·of·operations.·Some·operations,·like·groupby,·are·much·harder·to	292	sophisticated·of·operations.·Some·operations,·like·groupby,·are·much·harder·to
293	do·chunkwise.·In·these·cases,·you·may·be·better·switching·to·a·different	293	do·chunkwise.·In·these·cases,·you·may·be·better·switching·to·a·different
294	library·that·implements·these·out-of-core·algorithms·for·you.	294	library·that·implements·these·out-of-core·algorithms·for·you.


Offset 77, 38 lines modified		Offset 77, 38 lines modified
77	The·above·output·looks·very·similar·to·the·standard·DataFrame·HTML	77	The·above·output·looks·very·similar·to·the·standard·DataFrame·HTML
78	representation.·But·weâve·done·some·work·behind·the·scenes·to·attach·CSS	78	representation.·But·weâve·done·some·work·behind·the·scenes·to·attach·CSS
79	classes·to·each·cell.·We·can·view·these·by·calling·the·.render·method.	79	classes·to·each·cell.·We·can·view·these·by·calling·the·.render·method.
80	[4]:	80	[4]:
81	df.style.highlight_null().render().split('\n')[:10]	81	df.style.highlight_null().render().split('\n')[:10]
82	[4]:	82	[4]:
83	['<style··type="text/css"·>',	83	['<style··type="text/css"·>',
84	·'#T_~~1f2f6ab4~~_acb9_11ee_~~9a25~~_~~5705c22b~~4~~4d7~~row0_col2,#T_~~1f2f6ab4~~_acb9_11ee_~~9a25~~_~~5705c22b~~4~~4d7~~row3_col3	84	·'#T_21ccd48a_acca_11ee_b35a_99e6967947e0row0_col2,#T_21ccd48a_acca_11ee_b35a_99e6967947e0row3_col3
85	{',	85	{',
86	·'············background-color:··red;',	86	·'············background-color:··red;',
87	·'········}</style><table·id="T_~~1f2f6ab4~~_acb9_11ee_~~9a25~~_~~5705c22b~~4~~4d7~~"·><thead>	87	·'········}</style><table·id="T_21ccd48a_acca_11ee_b35a_99e6967947e0"·><thead>
88	<tr>········<th·class="blank·level0"·></th>········<th·class="col_heading	88	<tr>········<th·class="blank·level0"·></th>········<th·class="col_heading
89	level0·col0"·>A</th>········<th·class="col_heading·level0·col1"·>B</th>	89	level0·col0"·>A</th>········<th·class="col_heading·level0·col1"·>B</th>
90	<th·class="col_heading·level0·col2"·>C</th>········<th·class="col_heading	90	<th·class="col_heading·level0·col2"·>C</th>········<th·class="col_heading
91	level0·col3"·>D</th>········<th·class="col_heading·level0·col4"·>E</th>····</	91	level0·col3"·>D</th>········<th·class="col_heading·level0·col4"·>E</th>····</
92	tr></thead><tbody>',	92	tr></thead><tbody>',
93	·'················<tr>',	93	·'················<tr>',
94	·'························<th	94	·'························<th
95	id="T_~~1f2f6ab4~~_acb9_11ee_~~9a25~~_~~5705c22b~~4~~4d7~~level0_row0"·class="row_heading	95	id="T_21ccd48a_acca_11ee_b35a_99e6967947e0level0_row0"·class="row_heading
96	level0·row0"·>0</th>',	96	level0·row0"·>0</th>',
97	·'························<td	97	·'························<td
98	id="T_~~1f2f6ab4~~_acb9_11ee_~~9a25~~_~~5705c22b~~4~~4d7~~row0_col0"·class="data·row0·col0"	98	id="T_21ccd48a_acca_11ee_b35a_99e6967947e0row0_col0"·class="data·row0·col0"
99	>1.000000</td>',	99	>1.000000</td>',
100	·'························<td	100	·'························<td
101	id="T_~~1f2f6ab4~~_acb9_11ee_~~9a25~~_~~5705c22b~~4~~4d7~~row0_col1"·class="data·row0·col1"	101	id="T_21ccd48a_acca_11ee_b35a_99e6967947e0row0_col1"·class="data·row0·col1"
102	>1.329212</td>',	102	>1.329212</td>',
103	·'························<td	103	·'························<td
104	id="T_~~1f2f6ab4~~_acb9_11ee_~~9a25~~_~~5705c22b~~4~~4d7~~row0_col2"·class="data·row0·col2"	104	id="T_21ccd48a_acca_11ee_b35a_99e6967947e0row0_col2"·class="data·row0·col2"
105	>nan</td>',	105	>nan</td>',
106	·'························<td	106	·'························<td
107	id="T_~~1f2f6ab4~~_acb9_11ee_~~9a25~~_~~5705c22b~~4~~4d7~~row0_col3"·class="data·row0·col3"·>-	107	id="T_21ccd48a_acca_11ee_b35a_99e6967947e0row0_col3"·class="data·row0·col3"·>-
108	0.316280</td>']	108	0.316280</td>']
109	The·row0_col2·is·the·identifier·for·that·particular·cell.·Weâve·also	109	The·row0_col2·is·the·identifier·for·that·particular·cell.·Weâve·also
110	prepended·each·row/column·identifier·with·a·UUID·unique·to·each·DataFrame·so	110	prepended·each·row/column·identifier·with·a·UUID·unique·to·each·DataFrame·so
111	that·the·style·from·one·doesnât·collide·with·the·styling·from·another·within	111	that·the·style·from·one·doesnât·collide·with·the·styling·from·another·within
112	the·same·notebook·or·page·(you·can·set·the·uuid·if·youâd·like·to·tie·together	112	the·same·notebook·or·page·(you·can·set·the·uuid·if·youâd·like·to·tie·together
113	the·styling·of·two·DataFrames).	113	the·styling·of·two·DataFrames).
114	When·writing·style·functions,·you·take·care·of·producing·the·CSS·attribute·/	114	When·writing·style·functions,·you·take·care·of·producing·the·CSS·attribute·/


Offset 2344, 24 lines modified		Offset 2344, 24 lines modified
2344	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span>	2344	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span>

2345	<span·class="gp">In·[271]:·</span><span·class="n">cal</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">get_calendar</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="s1">'ExampleCalendar'</span><span·class="p">)</span>	2345	<span·class="gp">In·[271]:·</span><span·class="n">cal</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">get_calendar</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="s1">'ExampleCalendar'</span><span·class="p">)</span>

2346	<span·class="gp">In·[272]:·</span><span·class="n">cal</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">rules</span>	2346	<span·class="gp">In·[272]:·</span><span·class="n">cal</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">rules</span>
2347	<span·class="gh">Out[272]:·</span><span·class="go"></span>	2347	<span·class="gh">Out[272]:·</span><span·class="go"></span>
2348	<span·class="go">[Holiday:·Memorial·Day·(month=5,·day=31,·offset=<DateOffset:·weekday=MO(-1)>),</span>	2348	<span·class="go">[Holiday:·Memorial·Day·(month=5,·day=31,·offset=<DateOffset:·weekday=MO(-1)>),</span>
2349	<span·class="go">·Holiday:·July·4th·(month=7,·day=4,·observance=<function·nearest_workday·at·0x~~dacbc~~bf8>),</span>	2349	<span·class="go">·Holiday:·July·4th·(month=7,·day=4,·observance=<function·nearest_workday·at·0x99d6ebf8>),</span>
2350	<span·class="go">·Holiday:·Columbus·Day·(month=10,·day=1,·offset=<DateOffset:·weekday=MO(+2)>)]</span>	2350	<span·class="go">·Holiday:·Columbus·Day·(month=10,·day=1,·offset=<DateOffset:·weekday=MO(+2)>)]</span>

2351	<span·class="gp">In·[273]:·</span><span·class="n">new_cal</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">HolidayCalendarFactory</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="s1">'NewExampleCalendar'</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">cal</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">USLaborDay</span><span·class="p">)</span>	2351	<span·class="gp">In·[273]:·</span><span·class="n">new_cal</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">HolidayCalendarFactory</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="s1">'NewExampleCalendar'</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">cal</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">USLaborDay</span><span·class="p">)</span>

2352	<span·class="gp">In·[274]:·</span><span·class="n">new_cal</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">rules</span>	2352	<span·class="gp">In·[274]:·</span><span·class="n">new_cal</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">rules</span>
2353	<span·class="gh">Out[274]:·</span><span·class="go"></span>	2353	<span·class="gh">Out[274]:·</span><span·class="go"></span>
2354	<span·class="go">[Holiday:·Labor·Day·(month=9,·day=1,·offset=<DateOffset:·weekday=MO(+1)>),</span>	2354	<span·class="go">[Holiday:·Labor·Day·(month=9,·day=1,·offset=<DateOffset:·weekday=MO(+1)>),</span>
2355	<span·class="go">·Holiday:·Memorial·Day·(month=5,·day=31,·offset=<DateOffset:·weekday=MO(-1)>),</span>	2355	<span·class="go">·Holiday:·Memorial·Day·(month=5,·day=31,·offset=<DateOffset:·weekday=MO(-1)>),</span>
2356	<span·class="go">·Holiday:·July·4th·(month=7,·day=4,·observance=<function·nearest_workday·at·0x~~dacbc~~bf8>),</span>	2356	<span·class="go">·Holiday:·July·4th·(month=7,·day=4,·observance=<function·nearest_workday·at·0x99d6ebf8>),</span>
2357	<span·class="go">·Holiday:·Columbus·Day·(month=10,·day=1,·offset=<DateOffset:·weekday=MO(+2)>)]</span>	2357	<span·class="go">·Holiday:·Columbus·Day·(month=10,·day=1,·offset=<DateOffset:·weekday=MO(+2)>)]</span>
2358	</pre></div>	2358	</pre></div>
2359	</div>	2359	</div>
2360	</div>	2360	</div>
2361	</div>	2361	</div>
2362	<div·class="section"·id="time-series-related-instance-methods">	2362	<div·class="section"·id="time-series-related-instance-methods">
2363	<span·id="timeseries-advanced-datetime"></span><h2>Time·series-related·instance·methods<a·class="headerlink"·href="#time-series-related-instance-methods"·title="Permalink·to·this·headline">¶</a></h2>	2363	<span·id="timeseries-advanced-datetime"></span><h2>Time·series-related·instance·methods<a·class="headerlink"·href="#time-series-related-instance-methods"·title="Permalink·to·this·headline">¶</a></h2>


Offset 1745, 26 lines modified		Offset 1745, 26 lines modified

1745	In·[271]:·cal·=·get_calendar('ExampleCalendar')	1745	In·[271]:·cal·=·get_calendar('ExampleCalendar')

1746	In·[272]:·cal.rules	1746	In·[272]:·cal.rules
1747	Out[272]:	1747	Out[272]:
1748	[Holiday:·Memorial·Day·(month=5,·day=31,·offset=<DateOffset:·weekday=MO(-1)>),	1748	[Holiday:·Memorial·Day·(month=5,·day=31,·offset=<DateOffset:·weekday=MO(-1)>),
1749	·Holiday:·July·4th·(month=7,·day=4,·observance=<function·nearest_workday·at	1749	·Holiday:·July·4th·(month=7,·day=4,·observance=<function·nearest_workday·at
1750	0x~~dacbc~~bf8>),	1750	0x99d6ebf8>),
1751	·Holiday:·Columbus·Day·(month=10,·day=1,·offset=<DateOffset:·weekday=MO(+2)>)]	1751	·Holiday:·Columbus·Day·(month=10,·day=1,·offset=<DateOffset:·weekday=MO(+2)>)]

1752	In·[273]:·new_cal·=·HolidayCalendarFactory('NewExampleCalendar',·cal,	1752	In·[273]:·new_cal·=·HolidayCalendarFactory('NewExampleCalendar',·cal,
1753	USLaborDay)	1753	USLaborDay)

1754	In·[274]:·new_cal.rules	1754	In·[274]:·new_cal.rules
1755	Out[274]:	1755	Out[274]:
1756	[Holiday:·Labor·Day·(month=9,·day=1,·offset=<DateOffset:·weekday=MO(+1)>),	1756	[Holiday:·Labor·Day·(month=9,·day=1,·offset=<DateOffset:·weekday=MO(+1)>),
1757	·Holiday:·Memorial·Day·(month=5,·day=31,·offset=<DateOffset:·weekday=MO(-1)>),	1757	·Holiday:·Memorial·Day·(month=5,·day=31,·offset=<DateOffset:·weekday=MO(-1)>),
1758	·Holiday:·July·4th·(month=7,·day=4,·observance=<function·nearest_workday·at	1758	·Holiday:·July·4th·(month=7,·day=4,·observance=<function·nearest_workday·at
1759	0x~~dacbc~~bf8>),	1759	0x99d6ebf8>),
1760	·Holiday:·Columbus·Day·(month=10,·day=1,·offset=<DateOffset:·weekday=MO(+2)>)]	1760	·Holiday:·Columbus·Day·(month=10,·day=1,·offset=<DateOffset:·weekday=MO(+2)>)]
1761	***·Time·series-related·instance·methodsÂ¶·***	1761	***·Time·series-related·instance·methodsÂ¶·***
1762	**·Shifting·/·laggingÂ¶·**	1762	**·Shifting·/·laggingÂ¶·**
1763	One·may·want·to·shift·or·lag·the·values·in·a·time·series·back·and·forward·in	1763	One·may·want·to·shift·or·lag·the·values·in·a·time·series·back·and·forward·in
1764	time.·The·method·for·this·is·shift(),·which·is·available·on·all·of·the·pandas	1764	time.·The·method·for·this·is·shift(),·which·is·available·on·all·of·the·pandas
1765	objects.	1765	objects.
1766	In·[275]:·ts·=·pd.Series(range(len(rng)),·index=rng)	1766	In·[275]:·ts·=·pd.Series(range(len(rng)),·index=rng)


Offset 856, 15 lines modified		Offset 856, 15 lines modified
856	<div·class="section"·id="plotting-on-a-secondary-y-axis">	856	<div·class="section"·id="plotting-on-a-secondary-y-axis">
857	<h3>Plotting·on·a·secondary·y-axis<a·class="headerlink"·href="#plotting-on-a-secondary-y-axis"·title="Permalink·to·this·headline">¶</a></h3>	857	<h3>Plotting·on·a·secondary·y-axis<a·class="headerlink"·href="#plotting-on-a-secondary-y-axis"·title="Permalink·to·this·headline">¶</a></h3>
858	<p>To·plot·data·on·a·secondary·y-axis,·use·the·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">secondary_y</span></code>·keyword:</p>	858	<p>To·plot·data·on·a·secondary·y-axis,·use·the·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">secondary_y</span></code>·keyword:</p>
859	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[123]:·</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="s1">'A'</span><span·class="p">]</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">plot</span><span·class="p">()</span>	859	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[123]:·</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="s1">'A'</span><span·class="p">]</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">plot</span><span·class="p">()</span>
860	<span·class="gh">Out[123]:·</span><span·class="go"><AxesSubplot:></span>	860	<span·class="gh">Out[123]:·</span><span·class="go"><AxesSubplot:></span>

861	<span·class="gp">In·[124]:·</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="s1">'B'</span><span·class="p">]</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">plot</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">secondary_y</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="kc">True</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">style</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="s1">'g'</span><span·class="p">)</span>	861	<span·class="gp">In·[124]:·</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="s1">'B'</span><span·class="p">]</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">plot</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">secondary_y</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="kc">True</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">style</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="s1">'g'</span><span·class="p">)</span>
862	<span·class="gh">Out[124]:·</span><span·class="go"><AxesSubplot:label='~~8a470900~~-~~e8d~~e-4~~93a~~-~~8047~~-~~a9b~~d~~1e1d9e0b~~'></span>	862	<span·class="gh">Out[124]:·</span><span·class="go"><AxesSubplot:label='199151d2-629e-4fa7-9b1e-561d4bdec536'></span>
863	</pre></div>	863	</pre></div>
864	</div>	864	</div>
865	<img·alt="../_images/series_plot_secondary_y.png"·src="../_images/series_plot_secondary_y.png"·/>	865	<img·alt="../_images/series_plot_secondary_y.png"·src="../_images/series_plot_secondary_y.png"·/>
866	<p>To·plot·some·columns·in·a·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">DataFrame</span></code>,·give·the·column·names·to·the·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">secondary_y</span></code>	866	<p>To·plot·some·columns·in·a·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">DataFrame</span></code>,·give·the·column·names·to·the·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">secondary_y</span></code>
867	keyword:</p>	867	keyword:</p>
868	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[125]:·</span><span·class="n">plt</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">figure</span><span·class="p">()</span>	868	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[125]:·</span><span·class="n">plt</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">figure</span><span·class="p">()</span>
869	<span·class="gh">Out[125]:·</span><span·class="go"><Figure·size·640x480·with·0·Axes></span>	869	<span·class="gh">Out[125]:·</span><span·class="go"><Figure·size·640x480·with·0·Axes></span>
Offset 1116, 15 lines modified		Offset 1116, 15 lines modified
1116	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[172]:·</span><span·class="kn">from</span>·<span·class="nn">pandas.plotting</span>·<span·class="kn">import</span>·<span·class="n">table</span>	1116	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[172]:·</span><span·class="kn">from</span>·<span·class="nn">pandas.plotting</span>·<span·class="kn">import</span>·<span·class="n">table</span>

1117	<span·class="gp">In·[173]:·</span><span·class="n">fig</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">ax</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">plt</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">subplots</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="mi">1</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="mi">1</span><span·class="p">)</span>	1117	<span·class="gp">In·[173]:·</span><span·class="n">fig</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">ax</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">plt</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">subplots</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="mi">1</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="mi">1</span><span·class="p">)</span>

1118	<span·class="gp">In·[174]:·</span><span·class="n">table</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">ax</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">np</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">round</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">describe</span><span·class="p">(),</span>·<span·class="mi">2</span><span·class="p">),</span>	1118	<span·class="gp">In·[174]:·</span><span·class="n">table</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">ax</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">np</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">round</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">describe</span><span·class="p">(),</span>·<span·class="mi">2</span><span·class="p">),</span>
1119	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span>······<span·class="n">loc</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="s1">'upper·right'</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">colWidths</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="mf">0.2</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="mf">0.2</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="mf">0.2</span><span·class="p">])</span>	1119	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span>······<span·class="n">loc</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="s1">'upper·right'</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">colWidths</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="mf">0.2</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="mf">0.2</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="mf">0.2</span><span·class="p">])</span>
1120	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span>	1120	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span>
1121	<span·class="gh">Out[174]:·</span><span·class="go"><matplotlib.table.Table·at·0x~~dbc2e3~~28></span>	1121	<span·class="gh">Out[174]:·</span><span·class="go"><matplotlib.table.Table·at·0x99e5d628></span>

1122	<span·class="gp">In·[175]:·</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">plot</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">ax</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="n">ax</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">ylim</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="mi">0</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="mi">2</span><span·class="p">),</span>·<span·class="n">legend</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="kc">None</span><span·class="p">)</span>	1122	<span·class="gp">In·[175]:·</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">plot</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">ax</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="n">ax</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">ylim</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="mi">0</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="mi">2</span><span·class="p">),</span>·<span·class="n">legend</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="kc">None</span><span·class="p">)</span>
1123	<span·class="gh">Out[175]:·</span><span·class="go"><AxesSubplot:></span>	1123	<span·class="gh">Out[175]:·</span><span·class="go"><AxesSubplot:></span>
1124	</pre></div>	1124	</pre></div>
1125	</div>	1125	</div>
1126	<img·alt="../_images/line_plot_table_describe.png"·src="../_images/line_plot_table_describe.png"·/>	1126	<img·alt="../_images/line_plot_table_describe.png"·src="../_images/line_plot_table_describe.png"·/>
1127	<p><strong>Note</strong>:·You·can·get·table·instances·on·the·axes·using·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">axes.tables</span></code>·property·for·further·decorations.·See·the·<a·class="reference·external"·href="https://matplotlib.org/api/axes_api.html#matplotlib.axes.Axes.table">matplotlib·table·documentation</a>·for·more.</p>	1127	<p><strong>Note</strong>:·You·can·get·table·instances·on·the·axes·using·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">axes.tables</span></code>·property·for·further·decorations.·See·the·<a·class="reference·external"·href="https://matplotlib.org/api/axes_api.html#matplotlib.axes.Axes.table">matplotlib·table·documentation</a>·for·more.</p>
Offset 1218, 23 lines modified		Offset 1218, 23 lines modified

1218	<span·class="gp">In·[193]:·</span><span·class="n">mstd</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">price</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">rolling</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="mi">20</span><span·class="p">)</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">std</span><span·class="p">()</span>	1218	<span·class="gp">In·[193]:·</span><span·class="n">mstd</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">price</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">rolling</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="mi">20</span><span·class="p">)</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">std</span><span·class="p">()</span>

1219	<span·class="gp">In·[194]:·</span><span·class="n">plt</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">figure</span><span·class="p">()</span>	1219	<span·class="gp">In·[194]:·</span><span·class="n">plt</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">figure</span><span·class="p">()</span>
1220	<span·class="gh">Out[194]:·</span><span·class="go"><Figure·size·640x480·with·0·Axes></span>	1220	<span·class="gh">Out[194]:·</span><span·class="go"><Figure·size·640x480·with·0·Axes></span>

1221	<span·class="gp">In·[195]:·</span><span·class="n">plt</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">plot</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">price</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">index</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">price</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="s1">'k'</span><span·class="p">)</span>	1221	<span·class="gp">In·[195]:·</span><span·class="n">plt</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">plot</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">price</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">index</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">price</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="s1">'k'</span><span·class="p">)</span>
1222	<span·class="gh">Out[195]:·</span><span·class="go">[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D·at·0x~~d5b222b~~0>]</span>	1222	<span·class="gh">Out[195]:·</span><span·class="go">[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D·at·0x94c68ca0>]</span>

1223	<span·class="gp">In·[196]:·</span><span·class="n">plt</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">plot</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">ma</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">index</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">ma</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="s1">'b'</span><span·class="p">)</span>	1223	<span·class="gp">In·[196]:·</span><span·class="n">plt</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">plot</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">ma</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">index</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">ma</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="s1">'b'</span><span·class="p">)</span>
1224	<span·class="gh">Out[196]:·</span><span·class="go">[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D·at·0x~~d5b1d790~~>]</span>	1224	<span·class="gh">Out[196]:·</span><span·class="go">[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D·at·0x94c681a8>]</span>

1225	<span·class="gp">In·[197]:·</span><span·class="n">plt</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">fill_between</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">mstd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">index</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">ma</span>·<span·class="o">-</span>·<span·class="mi">2</span>·<span·class="o"></span>·<span·class="n">mstd</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">ma</span>·<span·class="o">+</span>·<span·class="mi">2</span>·<span·class="o"></span>·<span·class="n">mstd</span><span·class="p">,</span>	1225	<span·class="gp">In·[197]:·</span><span·class="n">plt</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">fill_between</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">mstd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">index</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">ma</span>·<span·class="o">-</span>·<span·class="mi">2</span>·<span·class="o"></span>·<span·class="n">mstd</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">ma</span>·<span·class="o">+</span>·<span·class="mi">2</span>·<span·class="o"></span>·<span·class="n">mstd</span><span·class="p">,</span>
1226	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span>·················<span·class="n">color</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="s1">'b'</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">alpha</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="mf">0.2</span><span·class="p">)</span>	1226	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span>·················<span·class="n">color</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="s1">'b'</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">alpha</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="mf">0.2</span><span·class="p">)</span>
1227	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span>	1227	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span>
1228	<span·class="gh">Out[197]:·</span><span·class="go"><matplotlib.collections.PolyCollection·at·0x~~d5b35fb8~~></span>	1228	<span·class="gh">Out[197]:·</span><span·class="go"><matplotlib.collections.PolyCollection·at·0x94c829d0></span>
1229	</pre></div>	1229	</pre></div>
1230	</div>	1230	</div>
1231	<img·alt="../_images/bollinger.png"·src="../_images/bollinger.png"·/>	1231	<img·alt="../_images/bollinger.png"·src="../_images/bollinger.png"·/>
1232	</div>	1232	</div>
1233	<div·class="section"·id="plotting-backends">	1233	<div·class="section"·id="plotting-backends">
1234	<h2>Plotting·backends<a·class="headerlink"·href="#plotting-backends"·title="Permalink·to·this·headline">¶</a></h2>	1234	<h2>Plotting·backends<a·class="headerlink"·href="#plotting-backends"·title="Permalink·to·this·headline">¶</a></h2>
1235	<p>Starting·in·version·0.25,·pandas·can·be·extended·with·third-party·plotting·backends.·The	1235	<p>Starting·in·version·0.25,·pandas·can·be·extended·with·third-party·plotting·backends.·The


Offset 602, 15 lines modified		Offset 602, 15 lines modified
602	See·also·the·logx·and·loglog·keyword·arguments.	602	See·also·the·logx·and·loglog·keyword·arguments.
603	**·Plotting·on·a·secondary·y-axisÂ¶·**	603	**·Plotting·on·a·secondary·y-axisÂ¶·**
604	To·plot·data·on·a·secondary·y-axis,·use·the·secondary_y·keyword:	604	To·plot·data·on·a·secondary·y-axis,·use·the·secondary_y·keyword:
605	In·[123]:·df['A'].plot()	605	In·[123]:·df['A'].plot()
606	Out[123]:·<AxesSubplot:>	606	Out[123]:·<AxesSubplot:>

607	In·[124]:·df['B'].plot(secondary_y=True,·style='g')	607	In·[124]:·df['B'].plot(secondary_y=True,·style='g')
608	Out[124]:·<AxesSubplot:label='~~8a470900~~-~~e8d~~e-4~~93a~~-~~8047~~-~~a9b~~d~~1e1d9e0b~~'>	608	Out[124]:·<AxesSubplot:label='199151d2-629e-4fa7-9b1e-561d4bdec536'>
609	[../_images/series_plot_secondary_y.png]	609	[../_images/series_plot_secondary_y.png]
610	To·plot·some·columns·in·a·DataFrame,·give·the·column·names·to·the·secondary_y	610	To·plot·some·columns·in·a·DataFrame,·give·the·column·names·to·the·secondary_y
611	keyword:	611	keyword:
612	In·[125]:·plt.figure()	612	In·[125]:·plt.figure()
613	Out[125]:·<Figure·size·640x480·with·0·Axes>	613	Out[125]:·<Figure·size·640x480·with·0·Axes>

614	In·[126]:·ax·=·df.plot(secondary_y=['A',·'B'])	614	In·[126]:·ax·=·df.plot(secondary_y=['A',·'B'])
Offset 827, 15 lines modified		Offset 827, 15 lines modified
827	In·[172]:·from·pandas.plotting·import·table	827	In·[172]:·from·pandas.plotting·import·table

828	In·[173]:·fig,·ax·=·plt.subplots(1,·1)	828	In·[173]:·fig,·ax·=·plt.subplots(1,·1)

829	In·[174]:·table(ax,·np.round(df.describe(),·2),	829	In·[174]:·table(ax,·np.round(df.describe(),·2),
830	···.....:·······loc='upper·right',·colWidths=[0.2,·0.2,·0.2])	830	···.....:·······loc='upper·right',·colWidths=[0.2,·0.2,·0.2])
831	···.....:	831	···.....:
832	Out[174]:·<matplotlib.table.Table·at·0x~~dbc2e3~~28>	832	Out[174]:·<matplotlib.table.Table·at·0x99e5d628>

833	In·[175]:·df.plot(ax=ax,·ylim=(0,·2),·legend=None)	833	In·[175]:·df.plot(ax=ax,·ylim=(0,·2),·legend=None)
834	Out[175]:·<AxesSubplot:>	834	Out[175]:·<AxesSubplot:>
835	[../_images/line_plot_table_describe.png]	835	[../_images/line_plot_table_describe.png]
836	Note:·You·can·get·table·instances·on·the·axes·using·axes.tables·property·for	836	Note:·You·can·get·table·instances·on·the·axes·using·axes.tables·property·for
837	further·decorations.·See·the·matplotlib_table_documentation·for·more.	837	further·decorations.·See·the·matplotlib_table_documentation·for·more.
838	**·ColormapsÂ¶·**	838	**·ColormapsÂ¶·**
Offset 914, 23 lines modified		Offset 914, 23 lines modified

914	In·[193]:·mstd·=·price.rolling(20).std()	914	In·[193]:·mstd·=·price.rolling(20).std()

915	In·[194]:·plt.figure()	915	In·[194]:·plt.figure()
916	Out[194]:·<Figure·size·640x480·with·0·Axes>	916	Out[194]:·<Figure·size·640x480·with·0·Axes>

917	In·[195]:·plt.plot(price.index,·price,·'k')	917	In·[195]:·plt.plot(price.index,·price,·'k')
918	Out[195]:·[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D·at·0x~~d5b222b~~0>]	918	Out[195]:·[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D·at·0x94c68ca0>]

919	In·[196]:·plt.plot(ma.index,·ma,·'b')	919	In·[196]:·plt.plot(ma.index,·ma,·'b')
920	Out[196]:·[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D·at·0x~~d5b1d790~~>]	920	Out[196]:·[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D·at·0x94c681a8>]

921	In·[197]:·plt.fill_between(mstd.index,·ma·-·2··mstd,·ma·+·2··mstd,	921	In·[197]:·plt.fill_between(mstd.index,·ma·-·2··mstd,·ma·+·2··mstd,
922	···.....:··················color='b',·alpha=0.2)	922	···.....:··················color='b',·alpha=0.2)
923	···.....:	923	···.....:
924	Out[197]:·<matplotlib.collections.PolyCollection·at·0x~~d5b35fb8~~>	924	Out[197]:·<matplotlib.collections.PolyCollection·at·0x94c829d0>
925	[../_images/bollinger.png]	925	[../_images/bollinger.png]
926	***·Plotting·backendsÂ¶·***	926	***·Plotting·backendsÂ¶·***
927	Starting·in·version·0.25,·pandas·can·be·extended·with·third-party·plotting	927	Starting·in·version·0.25,·pandas·can·be·extended·with·third-party·plotting
928	backends.·The·main·idea·is·letting·users·select·a·plotting·backend·different	928	backends.·The·main·idea·is·letting·users·select·a·plotting·backend·different
929	than·the·provided·one·based·on·Matplotlib.	929	than·the·provided·one·based·on·Matplotlib.
930	This·can·be·done·by·passsing·âbackend.moduleâ·as·the·argument·backend·in	930	This·can·be·done·by·passsing·âbackend.moduleâ·as·the·argument·backend·in
931	plot·function.·For·example:	931	plot·function.·For·example:


Offset 1010, 20 lines modified		Offset 1010, 20 lines modified
1010	<span·class="gp">In·[103]:·</span><span·class="n">df1</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">df2</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">df3</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">df4</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="p">[</span><span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">DataFrame</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">np</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">random</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">randn</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">nrows</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">ncols</span><span·class="p">))</span>	1010	<span·class="gp">In·[103]:·</span><span·class="n">df1</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">df2</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">df3</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">df4</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="p">[</span><span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">DataFrame</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">np</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">random</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">randn</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">nrows</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">ncols</span><span·class="p">))</span>
1011	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span>······················<span·class="k">for</span>·<span·class="n">_</span>·<span·class="ow">in</span>·<span·class="nb">range</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="mi">4</span><span·class="p">)]</span>	1011	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span>······················<span·class="k">for</span>·<span·class="n">_</span>·<span·class="ow">in</span>·<span·class="nb">range</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="mi">4</span><span·class="p">)]</span>
1012	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span>	1012	<span·class="gp">···.....:·</span>
1013	</pre></div>	1013	</pre></div>
1014	</div>	1014	</div>
1015	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="go">#·eval·with·NumExpr·backend</span>	1015	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="go">#·eval·with·NumExpr·backend</span>
1016	<span·class="gp">In·[104]:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">timeit</span>·pd.eval('df1·+·df2·+·df3·+·df4')	1016	<span·class="gp">In·[104]:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">timeit</span>·pd.eval('df1·+·df2·+·df3·+·df4')
1017	<span·class="go">41.8·ms·+-·2~~.47~~·ms·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)</span>	1017	<span·class="go">38.4·ms·+-·638·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)</span>
1018	</pre></div>	1018	</pre></div>
1019	</div>	1019	</div>
1020	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="go">#·pure·Python·evaluation</span>	1020	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="go">#·pure·Python·evaluation</span>
1021	<span·class="gp">In·[105]:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">timeit</span>·df1·+·df2·+·df3·+·df4	1021	<span·class="gp">In·[105]:·</span><span·class="o">%</span><span·class="k">timeit</span>·df1·+·df2·+·df3·+·df4
1022	<span·class="go">103·ms·+-·6~~.56~~·ms·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)</span>	1022	<span·class="go">60.3·ms·+-·421·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)</span>
1023	</pre></div>	1023	</pre></div>
1024	</div>	1024	</div>
1025	<p>For·more·details,·see·the·<a·class="reference·internal"·href="../user_guide/enhancingperf.html#enhancingperf-eval"><span·class="std·std-ref">the·docs</span></a></p>	1025	<p>For·more·details,·see·the·<a·class="reference·internal"·href="../user_guide/enhancingperf.html#enhancingperf-eval"><span·class="std·std-ref">the·docs</span></a></p>
1026	</li>	1026	</li>
1027	<li><p>Similar·to·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">pandas.eval</span></code>,·<a·class="reference·internal"·href="../reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.html#pandas.DataFrame"·title="pandas.DataFrame"><code·class="xref·py·py-class·docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">DataFrame</span></code></a>·has·a·new	1027	<li><p>Similar·to·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">pandas.eval</span></code>,·<a·class="reference·internal"·href="../reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.html#pandas.DataFrame"·title="pandas.DataFrame"><code·class="xref·py·py-class·docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">DataFrame</span></code></a>·has·a·new
1028	<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">DataFrame.eval</span></code>·method·that·evaluates·an·expression·in·the·context·of	1028	<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">DataFrame.eval</span></code>·method·that·evaluates·an·expression·in·the·context·of
1029	the·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">DataFrame</span></code>.·For·example,</p>	1029	the·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">DataFrame</span></code>.·For·example,</p>


Offset 864, 18 lines modified		Offset 864, 18 lines modified

864	······In·[103]:·df1,·df2,·df3,·df4·=·[pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(nrows,	864	······In·[103]:·df1,·df2,·df3,·df4·=·[pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(nrows,
865	······ncols))	865	······ncols))
866	·········.....:·······················for·_·in·range(4)]	866	·········.....:·······················for·_·in·range(4)]
867	·········.....:	867	·········.....:
868	······#·eval·with·NumExpr·backend	868	······#·eval·with·NumExpr·backend
869	······In·[104]:·%timeit·pd.eval('df1·+·df2·+·df3·+·df4')	869	······In·[104]:·%timeit·pd.eval('df1·+·df2·+·df3·+·df4')
870	······41.8·ms·+-·2~~.47~~·ms·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)	870	······38.4·ms·+-·638·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)
871	······#·pure·Python·evaluation	871	······#·pure·Python·evaluation
872	······In·[105]:·%timeit·df1·+·df2·+·df3·+·df4	872	······In·[105]:·%timeit·df1·+·df2·+·df3·+·df4
873	······103·ms·+-·6~~.56~~·ms·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)	873	······60.3·ms·+-·421·us·per·loop·(mean·+-·std.·dev.·of·7·runs,·10·loops·each)
874	······For·more·details,·see·the·the_docs	874	······For·more·details,·see·the·the_docs
875	····*·Similar·to·pandas.eval,·DataFrame·has·a·new·DataFrame.eval·method·that	875	····*·Similar·to·pandas.eval,·DataFrame·has·a·new·DataFrame.eval·method·that
876	······evaluates·an·expression·in·the·context·of·the·DataFrame.·For·example,	876	······evaluates·an·expression·in·the·context·of·the·DataFrame.·For·example,
877	······In·[106]:·df·=·pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(10,·2),·columns=['a',·'b'])	877	······In·[106]:·df·=·pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(10,·2),·columns=['a',·'b'])

878	······In·[107]:·df.eval('a·+·b')	878	······In·[107]:·df.eval('a·+·b')
879	······Out[107]:	879	······Out[107]:


Offset 1217, 25 lines modified		Offset 1217, 25 lines modified
1217	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span>	1217	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span>

1218	<span·class="gp">In·[96]:·</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">describe</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">include</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="s2">"object"</span><span·class="p">])</span>	1218	<span·class="gp">In·[96]:·</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">describe</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">include</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="s2">"object"</span><span·class="p">])</span>
1219	<span·class="gh">Out[96]:·</span><span·class="go"></span>	1219	<span·class="gh">Out[96]:·</span><span·class="go"></span>
1220	<span·class="go">·······catA·catB</span>	1220	<span·class="go">·······catA·catB</span>
1221	<span·class="go">count····24···24</span>	1221	<span·class="go">count····24···24</span>
1222	<span·class="go">unique····2····4</span>	1222	<span·class="go">unique····2····4</span>
1223	<span·class="go">top·····foo····b</span>	1223	<span·class="go">top·····foo····a</span>
1224	<span·class="go">freq·····16····6</span>	1224	<span·class="go">freq·····16····6</span>

1225	<span·class="go">[4·rows·x·2·columns]</span>	1225	<span·class="go">[4·rows·x·2·columns]</span>

1226	<span·class="gp">In·[97]:·</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">describe</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">include</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="s2">"number"</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="s2">"object"</span><span·class="p">],</span>·<span·class="n">exclude</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="s2">"float"</span><span·class="p">])</span>	1226	<span·class="gp">In·[97]:·</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">describe</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">include</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="s2">"number"</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="s2">"object"</span><span·class="p">],</span>·<span·class="n">exclude</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="s2">"float"</span><span·class="p">])</span>
1227	<span·class="gh">Out[97]:·</span><span·class="go"></span>	1227	<span·class="gh">Out[97]:·</span><span·class="go"></span>
1228	<span·class="go">·······catA·catB·······numC</span>	1228	<span·class="go">·······catA·catB·······numC</span>
1229	<span·class="go">count····24···24··24.000000</span>	1229	<span·class="go">count····24···24··24.000000</span>
1230	<span·class="go">unique····2····4········NaN</span>	1230	<span·class="go">unique····2····4········NaN</span>
1231	<span·class="go">top·····foo····b········NaN</span>	1231	<span·class="go">top·····foo····a········NaN</span>
1232	<span·class="go">freq·····16····6········NaN</span>	1232	<span·class="go">freq·····16····6········NaN</span>
1233	<span·class="go">mean····NaN··NaN··11.500000</span>	1233	<span·class="go">mean····NaN··NaN··11.500000</span>
1234	<span·class="go">std·····NaN··NaN···7.071068</span>	1234	<span·class="go">std·····NaN··NaN···7.071068</span>
1235	<span·class="go">min·····NaN··NaN···0.000000</span>	1235	<span·class="go">min·····NaN··NaN···0.000000</span>
1236	<span·class="go">25%·····NaN··NaN···5.750000</span>	1236	<span·class="go">25%·····NaN··NaN···5.750000</span>
1237	<span·class="go">50%·····NaN··NaN··11.500000</span>	1237	<span·class="go">50%·····NaN··NaN··11.500000</span>
1238	<span·class="go">75%·····NaN··NaN··17.250000</span>	1238	<span·class="go">75%·····NaN··NaN··17.250000</span>
Offset 1246, 15 lines modified		Offset 1246, 15 lines modified
1246	</div>	1246	</div>
1247	<p>Requesting·all·columns·is·possible·with·the·shorthand·‘all’</p>	1247	<p>Requesting·all·columns·is·possible·with·the·shorthand·‘all’</p>
1248	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[98]:·</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">describe</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">include</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="s1">'all'</span><span·class="p">)</span>	1248	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[98]:·</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">describe</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">include</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="s1">'all'</span><span·class="p">)</span>
1249	<span·class="gh">Out[98]:·</span><span·class="go"></span>	1249	<span·class="gh">Out[98]:·</span><span·class="go"></span>
1250	<span·class="go">·······catA·catB·······numC·······numD</span>	1250	<span·class="go">·······catA·catB·······numC·······numD</span>
1251	<span·class="go">count····24···24··24.000000··24.000000</span>	1251	<span·class="go">count····24···24··24.000000··24.000000</span>
1252	<span·class="go">unique····2····4········NaN········NaN</span>	1252	<span·class="go">unique····2····4········NaN········NaN</span>
1253	<span·class="go">top·····foo····b········NaN········NaN</span>	1253	<span·class="go">top·····foo····a········NaN········NaN</span>
1254	<span·class="go">freq·····16····6········NaN········NaN</span>	1254	<span·class="go">freq·····16····6········NaN········NaN</span>
1255	<span·class="go">mean····NaN··NaN··11.500000··12.000000</span>	1255	<span·class="go">mean····NaN··NaN··11.500000··12.000000</span>
1256	<span·class="go">std·····NaN··NaN···7.071068···7.071068</span>	1256	<span·class="go">std·····NaN··NaN···7.071068···7.071068</span>
1257	<span·class="go">min·····NaN··NaN···0.000000···0.500000</span>	1257	<span·class="go">min·····NaN··NaN···0.000000···0.500000</span>
1258	<span·class="go">25%·····NaN··NaN···5.750000···6.250000</span>	1258	<span·class="go">25%·····NaN··NaN···5.750000···6.250000</span>
1259	<span·class="go">50%·····NaN··NaN··11.500000··12.000000</span>	1259	<span·class="go">50%·····NaN··NaN··11.500000··12.000000</span>
1260	<span·class="go">75%·····NaN··NaN··17.250000··17.750000</span>	1260	<span·class="go">75%·····NaN··NaN··17.250000··17.750000</span>


Offset 1091, 25 lines modified		Offset 1091, 25 lines modified
1091	·········....:	1091	·········....:

1092	······In·[96]:·df.describe(include=["object"])	1092	······In·[96]:·df.describe(include=["object"])
1093	······Out[96]:	1093	······Out[96]:
1094	·············catA·catB	1094	·············catA·catB
1095	······count····24···24	1095	······count····24···24
1096	······unique····2····4	1096	······unique····2····4
1097	······top·····foo····b	1097	······top·····foo····a
1098	······freq·····16····6	1098	······freq·····16····6

1099	······[4·rows·x·2·columns]	1099	······[4·rows·x·2·columns]

1100	······In·[97]:·df.describe(include=["number",·"object"],·exclude=["float"])	1100	······In·[97]:·df.describe(include=["number",·"object"],·exclude=["float"])
1101	······Out[97]:	1101	······Out[97]:
1102	·············catA·catB·······numC	1102	·············catA·catB·······numC
1103	······count····24···24··24.000000	1103	······count····24···24··24.000000
1104	······unique····2····4········NaN	1104	······unique····2····4········NaN
1105	······top·····foo····b········NaN	1105	······top·····foo····a········NaN
1106	······freq·····16····6········NaN	1106	······freq·····16····6········NaN
1107	······mean····NaN··NaN··11.500000	1107	······mean····NaN··NaN··11.500000
1108	······std·····NaN··NaN···7.071068	1108	······std·····NaN··NaN···7.071068
1109	······min·····NaN··NaN···0.000000	1109	······min·····NaN··NaN···0.000000
1110	······25%·····NaN··NaN···5.750000	1110	······25%·····NaN··NaN···5.750000
1111	······50%·····NaN··NaN··11.500000	1111	······50%·····NaN··NaN··11.500000
1112	······75%·····NaN··NaN··17.250000	1112	······75%·····NaN··NaN··17.250000
Offset 1118, 15 lines modified		Offset 1118, 15 lines modified
1118	······[11·rows·x·3·columns]	1118	······[11·rows·x·3·columns]
1119	······Requesting·all·columns·is·possible·with·the·shorthand·âallâ	1119	······Requesting·all·columns·is·possible·with·the·shorthand·âallâ
1120	······In·[98]:·df.describe(include='all')	1120	······In·[98]:·df.describe(include='all')
1121	······Out[98]:	1121	······Out[98]:
1122	·············catA·catB·······numC·······numD	1122	·············catA·catB·······numC·······numD
1123	······count····24···24··24.000000··24.000000	1123	······count····24···24··24.000000··24.000000
1124	······unique····2····4········NaN········NaN	1124	······unique····2····4········NaN········NaN
1125	······top·····foo····b········NaN········NaN	1125	······top·····foo····a········NaN········NaN
1126	······freq·····16····6········NaN········NaN	1126	······freq·····16····6········NaN········NaN
1127	······mean····NaN··NaN··11.500000··12.000000	1127	······mean····NaN··NaN··11.500000··12.000000
1128	······std·····NaN··NaN···7.071068···7.071068	1128	······std·····NaN··NaN···7.071068···7.071068
1129	······min·····NaN··NaN···0.000000···0.500000	1129	······min·····NaN··NaN···0.000000···0.500000
1130	······25%·····NaN··NaN···5.750000···6.250000	1130	······25%·····NaN··NaN···5.750000···6.250000
1131	······50%·····NaN··NaN··11.500000··12.000000	1131	······50%·····NaN··NaN··11.500000··12.000000
1132	······75%·····NaN··NaN··17.250000··17.750000	1132	······75%·····NaN··NaN··17.250000··17.750000


Offset 854, 18 lines modified		Offset 854, 18 lines modified
854	</div>	854	</div>
855	<div·class="admonition·note">	855	<div·class="admonition·note">
856	<p·class="admonition-title">Note</p>	856	<p·class="admonition-title">Note</p>
857	<p>If·you·want·to·perform·calculations·based·on·today’s·date,·use·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">Timestamp.now()</span></code>·and·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">pandas.tseries.offsets</span></code>.</p>	857	<p>If·you·want·to·perform·calculations·based·on·today’s·date,·use·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">Timestamp.now()</span></code>·and·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">pandas.tseries.offsets</span></code>.</p>
858	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[66]:·</span><span·class="kn">import</span>·<span·class="nn">pandas.tseries.offsets</span>·<span·class="k">as</span>·<span·class="nn">offsets</span>	858	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[66]:·</span><span·class="kn">import</span>·<span·class="nn">pandas.tseries.offsets</span>·<span·class="k">as</span>·<span·class="nn">offsets</span>

859	<span·class="gp">In·[67]:·</span><span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">Timestamp</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">now</span><span·class="p">()</span>	859	<span·class="gp">In·[67]:·</span><span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">Timestamp</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">now</span><span·class="p">()</span>
860	<span·class="gh">Out[67]:·</span><span·class="go">Timestamp('2024-01-06·05:32:42.023634')</span>	860	<span·class="gh">Out[67]:·</span><span·class="go">Timestamp('2024-01-07·09:33:15.923563')</span>

861	<span·class="gp">In·[68]:·</span><span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">Timestamp</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">now</span><span·class="p">()</span>·<span·class="o">+</span>·<span·class="n">offsets</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">DateOffset</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">years</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="mi">1</span><span·class="p">)</span>	861	<span·class="gp">In·[68]:·</span><span·class="n">pd</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">Timestamp</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">now</span><span·class="p">()</span>·<span·class="o">+</span>·<span·class="n">offsets</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">DateOffset</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">years</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="mi">1</span><span·class="p">)</span>
862	<span·class="gh">Out[68]:·</span><span·class="go">Timestamp('2025-01-06·05:32:42.02~~8460~~')</span>	862	<span·class="gh">Out[68]:·</span><span·class="go">Timestamp('2025-01-07·09:33:15.927133')</span>
863	</pre></div>	863	</pre></div>
864	</div>	864	</div>
865	</div>	865	</div>
866	</div>	866	</div>
867	</div>	867	</div>
868	<div·class="section"·id="changes-to-index-comparisons">	868	<div·class="section"·id="changes-to-index-comparisons">
869	<h3>Changes·to·Index·comparisons<a·class="headerlink"·href="#changes-to-index-comparisons"·title="Permalink·to·this·headline">¶</a></h3>	869	<h3>Changes·to·Index·comparisons<a·class="headerlink"·href="#changes-to-index-comparisons"·title="Permalink·to·this·headline">¶</a></h3>


Offset 698, 18 lines modified		Offset 698, 18 lines modified
698	freq=None)	698	freq=None)
699	Note	699	Note
700	If·you·want·to·perform·calculations·based·on·todayâs·date,·use·Timestamp.now	700	If·you·want·to·perform·calculations·based·on·todayâs·date,·use·Timestamp.now
701	()·and·pandas.tseries.offsets.	701	()·and·pandas.tseries.offsets.
702	In·[66]:·import·pandas.tseries.offsets·as·offsets	702	In·[66]:·import·pandas.tseries.offsets·as·offsets

703	In·[67]:·pd.Timestamp.now()	703	In·[67]:·pd.Timestamp.now()
704	Out[67]:·Timestamp('2024-01-06·05:32:42.023634')	704	Out[67]:·Timestamp('2024-01-07·09:33:15.923563')

705	In·[68]:·pd.Timestamp.now()·+·offsets.DateOffset(years=1)	705	In·[68]:·pd.Timestamp.now()·+·offsets.DateOffset(years=1)
706	Out[68]:·Timestamp('2025-01-06·05:32:42.02~~8460~~')	706	Out[68]:·Timestamp('2025-01-07·09:33:15.927133')
707	**·Changes·to·Index·comparisonsÂ¶·**	707	**·Changes·to·Index·comparisonsÂ¶·**
708	Operator·equal·on·Index·should·behavior·similarly·to·Series·(GH9947,·GH10637)	708	Operator·equal·on·Index·should·behavior·similarly·to·Series·(GH9947,·GH10637)
709	Starting·in·v0.17.0,·comparing·Index·objects·of·different·lengths·will·raise·a	709	Starting·in·v0.17.0,·comparing·Index·objects·of·different·lengths·will·raise·a
710	ValueError.·This·is·to·be·consistent·with·the·behavior·of·Series.	710	ValueError.·This·is·to·be·consistent·with·the·behavior·of·Series.
711	Previous·behavior:	711	Previous·behavior:
712	In·[2]:·pd.Index([1,·2,·3])·==·pd.Index([1,·4,·5])	712	In·[2]:·pd.Index([1,·2,·3])·==·pd.Index([1,·4,·5])
713	Out[2]:·array([·True,·False,·False],·dtype=bool)	713	Out[2]:·array([·True,·False,·False],·dtype=bool)


Offset 996, 15 lines modified		Offset 996, 15 lines modified
996	</div>	996	</div>
997	<p><strong>New·API</strong>:</p>	997	<p><strong>New·API</strong>:</p>
998	<p>Now,·you·can·write·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">.resample(..)</span></code>·as·a·2-stage·operation·like·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">.groupby(...)</span></code>,·which	998	<p>Now,·you·can·write·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">.resample(..)</span></code>·as·a·2-stage·operation·like·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">.groupby(...)</span></code>,·which
999	yields·a·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">Resampler</span></code>.</p>	999	yields·a·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">Resampler</span></code>.</p>
1000	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[82]:·</span><span·class="n">r</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">df</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">resample</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="s1">'2s'</span><span·class="p">)</span>	1000	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[82]:·</span><span·class="n">r</span>·<span·class="o">=</span>·<span·class="n">df</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">resample</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="s1">'2s'</span><span·class="p">)</span>

1001	<span·class="gp">In·[83]:·</span><span·class="n">r</span>	1001	<span·class="gp">In·[83]:·</span><span·class="n">r</span>
1002	<span·class="gh">Out[83]:·</span><span·class="go"><pandas.core.resample.DatetimeIndexResampler·object·at·0xb9e~~1037~~0></span>	1002	<span·class="gh">Out[83]:·</span><span·class="go"><pandas.core.resample.DatetimeIndexResampler·object·at·0x78e79d60></span>
1003	</pre></div>	1003	</pre></div>
1004	</div>	1004	</div>
1005	<div·class="section"·id="downsampling">	1005	<div·class="section"·id="downsampling">
1006	<h4>Downsampling<a·class="headerlink"·href="#downsampling"·title="Permalink·to·this·headline">¶</a></h4>	1006	<h4>Downsampling<a·class="headerlink"·href="#downsampling"·title="Permalink·to·this·headline">¶</a></h4>
1007	<p>You·can·then·use·this·object·to·perform·operations.	1007	<p>You·can·then·use·this·object·to·perform·operations.
1008	These·are·downsampling·operations·(going·from·a·higher·frequency·to·a·lower·one).</p>	1008	These·are·downsampling·operations·(going·from·a·higher·frequency·to·a·lower·one).</p>
1009	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[84]:·</span><span·class="n">r</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">mean</span><span·class="p">()</span>	1009	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[84]:·</span><span·class="n">r</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">mean</span><span·class="p">()</span>


Offset 834, 15 lines modified		Offset 834, 15 lines modified
834	2010-01-01·09:00:08··1.020940··1.068634··1.146402··1.613897	834	2010-01-01·09:00:08··1.020940··1.068634··1.146402··1.613897
835	New·API:	835	New·API:
836	Now,·you·can·write·.resample(..)·as·a·2-stage·operation·like·.groupby(...),	836	Now,·you·can·write·.resample(..)·as·a·2-stage·operation·like·.groupby(...),
837	which·yields·a·Resampler.	837	which·yields·a·Resampler.
838	In·[82]:·r·=·df.resample('2s')	838	In·[82]:·r·=·df.resample('2s')

839	In·[83]:·r	839	In·[83]:·r
840	Out[83]:·<pandas.core.resample.DatetimeIndexResampler·object·at·0xb9e~~1037~~0>	840	Out[83]:·<pandas.core.resample.DatetimeIndexResampler·object·at·0x78e79d60>
841	*·DownsamplingÂ¶·*	841	*·DownsamplingÂ¶·*
842	You·can·then·use·this·object·to·perform·operations.·These·are·downsampling	842	You·can·then·use·this·object·to·perform·operations.·These·are·downsampling
843	operations·(going·from·a·higher·frequency·to·a·lower·one).	843	operations·(going·from·a·higher·frequency·to·a·lower·one).
844	In·[84]:·r.mean()	844	In·[84]:·r.mean()
845	Out[84]:	845	Out[84]:
846	····························A·········B·········C·········D	846	····························A·········B·········C·········D
847	2010-01-01·09:00:00··0.485748··0.447351··0.357096··0.793615	847	2010-01-01·09:00:00··0.485748··0.447351··0.357096··0.793615


Offset 256, 17 lines modified		Offset 256, 17 lines modified
256	<span·class="go">2··3··6</span>	256	<span·class="go">2··3··6</span>

257	<span·class="go">[3·rows·x·2·columns]</span>	257	<span·class="go">[3·rows·x·2·columns]</span>

258	<span·class="gp">In·[13]:·</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">rename</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="nb">id</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">axis</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="s1">'index'</span><span·class="p">)</span>	258	<span·class="gp">In·[13]:·</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">rename</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="nb">id</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">axis</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="s1">'index'</span><span·class="p">)</span>
259	<span·class="gh">Out[13]:·</span><span·class="go"></span>	259	<span·class="gh">Out[13]:·</span><span·class="go"></span>
260	<span·class="go">············A··B</span>	260	<span·class="go">············A··B</span>
261	<span·class="go">~~415~~7~~867152~~··1··4</span>	261	<span·class="go">3067274384··1··4</span>
262	<span·class="go">~~415~~7~~867168~~··2··5</span>	262	<span·class="go">3067274400··2··5</span>
263	<span·class="go">~~415~~7~~867184~~··3··6</span>	263	<span·class="go">3067274416··3··6</span>

264	<span·class="go">[3·rows·x·2·columns]</span>	264	<span·class="go">[3·rows·x·2·columns]</span>
265	</pre></div>	265	</pre></div>
266	</div>	266	</div>
267	<p>And·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">reindex</span></code>:</p>	267	<p>And·<code·class="docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">reindex</span></code>:</p>
268	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[14]:·</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">reindex</span><span·class="p">([</span><span·class="s1">'A'</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="s1">'B'</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="s1">'C'</span><span·class="p">],</span>·<span·class="n">axis</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="s1">'columns'</span><span·class="p">)</span>	268	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[14]:·</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">reindex</span><span·class="p">([</span><span·class="s1">'A'</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="s1">'B'</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="s1">'C'</span><span·class="p">],</span>·<span·class="n">axis</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="s1">'columns'</span><span·class="p">)</span>
269	<span·class="gh">Out[14]:·</span><span·class="go"></span>	269	<span·class="gh">Out[14]:·</span><span·class="go"></span>
Offset 287, 17 lines modified		Offset 287, 17 lines modified
287	<span·class="go">[3·rows·x·2·columns]</span>	287	<span·class="go">[3·rows·x·2·columns]</span>
288	</pre></div>	288	</pre></div>
289	</div>	289	</div>
290	<p>The·“index,·columns”·style·continues·to·work·as·before.</p>	290	<p>The·“index,·columns”·style·continues·to·work·as·before.</p>
291	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[16]:·</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">rename</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">index</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="nb">id</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">columns</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="nb">str</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">lower</span><span·class="p">)</span>	291	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[16]:·</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">rename</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">index</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="nb">id</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="n">columns</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="nb">str</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">lower</span><span·class="p">)</span>
292	<span·class="gh">Out[16]:·</span><span·class="go"></span>	292	<span·class="gh">Out[16]:·</span><span·class="go"></span>
293	<span·class="go">············a··b</span>	293	<span·class="go">············a··b</span>
294	<span·class="go">~~415~~7~~867152~~··1··4</span>	294	<span·class="go">3067274384··1··4</span>
295	<span·class="go">~~415~~7~~867168~~··2··5</span>	295	<span·class="go">3067274400··2··5</span>
296	<span·class="go">~~415~~7~~867184~~··3··6</span>	296	<span·class="go">3067274416··3··6</span>

297	<span·class="go">[3·rows·x·2·columns]</span>	297	<span·class="go">[3·rows·x·2·columns]</span>

298	<span·class="gp">In·[17]:·</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">reindex</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">index</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="mi">0</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="mi">1</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="mi">3</span><span·class="p">],</span>·<span·class="n">columns</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="s1">'A'</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="s1">'B'</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="s1">'C'</span><span·class="p">])</span>	298	<span·class="gp">In·[17]:·</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">reindex</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">index</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="mi">0</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="mi">1</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="mi">3</span><span·class="p">],</span>·<span·class="n">columns</span><span·class="o">=</span><span·class="p">[</span><span·class="s1">'A'</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="s1">'B'</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="s1">'C'</span><span·class="p">])</span>
299	<span·class="gh">Out[17]:·</span><span·class="go"></span>	299	<span·class="gh">Out[17]:·</span><span·class="go"></span>
300	<span·class="go">·····A····B···C</span>	300	<span·class="go">·····A····B···C</span>
301	<span·class="go">0··1.0··4.0·NaN</span>	301	<span·class="go">0··1.0··4.0·NaN</span>


Offset 195, 17 lines modified		Offset 195, 17 lines modified
195	2··3··6	195	2··3··6

196	[3·rows·x·2·columns]	196	[3·rows·x·2·columns]

197	In·[13]:·df.rename(id,·axis='index')	197	In·[13]:·df.rename(id,·axis='index')
198	Out[13]:	198	Out[13]:
199	············A··B	199	············A··B
200	4157867152··1··4
201	4157867168··2··5
202	~~415~~7~~8671~~84··3··6	200	3067274384··1··4
		201	3067274400··2··5
		202	3067274416··3··6

203	[3·rows·x·2·columns]	203	[3·rows·x·2·columns]
204	And·reindex:	204	And·reindex:
205	In·[14]:·df.reindex(['A',·'B',·'C'],·axis='columns')	205	In·[14]:·df.reindex(['A',·'B',·'C'],·axis='columns')
206	Out[14]:	206	Out[14]:
207	···A··B···C	207	···A··B···C
208	0··1··4·NaN	208	0··1··4·NaN
Offset 222, 17 lines modified		Offset 222, 17 lines modified
222	3··NaN··NaN	222	3··NaN··NaN

223	[3·rows·x·2·columns]	223	[3·rows·x·2·columns]
224	The·âindex,·columnsâ·style·continues·to·work·as·before.	224	The·âindex,·columnsâ·style·continues·to·work·as·before.
225	In·[16]:·df.rename(index=id,·columns=str.lower)	225	In·[16]:·df.rename(index=id,·columns=str.lower)
226	Out[16]:	226	Out[16]:
227	············a··b	227	············a··b
228	4157867152··1··4
229	4157867168··2··5
230	~~415~~7~~8671~~84··3··6	228	3067274384··1··4
		229	3067274400··2··5
		230	3067274416··3··6

231	[3·rows·x·2·columns]	231	[3·rows·x·2·columns]

232	In·[17]:·df.reindex(index=[0,·1,·3],·columns=['A',·'B',·'C'])	232	In·[17]:·df.reindex(index=[0,·1,·3],·columns=['A',·'B',·'C'])
233	Out[17]:	233	Out[17]:
234	·····A····B···C	234	·····A····B···C
235	0··1.0··4.0·NaN	235	0··1.0··4.0·NaN


Offset 217, 18 lines modified		Offset 217, 18 lines modified
217	a·new·ndarray·of·period·objects·each·time.</p>	217	a·new·ndarray·of·period·objects·each·time.</p>
218	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[18]:·</span><span·class="n">idx</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">values</span>	218	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[18]:·</span><span·class="n">idx</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">values</span>
219	<span·class="gh">Out[18]:·</span><span·class="go"></span>	219	<span·class="gh">Out[18]:·</span><span·class="go"></span>
220	<span·class="go">array([Period('2000-01-01',·'D'),·Period('2000-01-02',·'D'),</span>	220	<span·class="go">array([Period('2000-01-01',·'D'),·Period('2000-01-02',·'D'),</span>
221	<span·class="go">·······Period('2000-01-03',·'D'),·Period('2000-01-04',·'D')],·dtype=object)</span>	221	<span·class="go">·······Period('2000-01-03',·'D'),·Period('2000-01-04',·'D')],·dtype=object)</span>

222	<span·class="gp">In·[19]:·</span><span·class="nb">id</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">idx</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">values</span><span·class="p">)</span>	222	<span·class="gp">In·[19]:·</span><span·class="nb">id</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">idx</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">values</span><span·class="p">)</span>
223	<span·class="gh">Out[19]:·</span><span·class="go">370~~692~~5728</span>	223	<span·class="gh">Out[19]:·</span><span·class="go">2660110568</span>

224	<span·class="gp">In·[20]:·</span><span·class="nb">id</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">idx</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">values</span><span·class="p">)</span>	224	<span·class="gp">In·[20]:·</span><span·class="nb">id</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">idx</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">values</span><span·class="p">)</span>
225	<span·class="gh">Out[20]:·</span><span·class="go">37~~0692~~8~~688~~</span>	225	<span·class="gh">Out[20]:·</span><span·class="go">2713208576</span>
226	</pre></div>	226	</pre></div>
227	</div>	227	</div>
228	<p>If·you·need·an·actual·NumPy·array,·use·<a·class="reference·internal"·href="../reference/api/pandas.Series.to_numpy.html#pandas.Series.to_numpy"·title="pandas.Series.to_numpy"><code·class="xref·py·py-meth·docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">Series.to_numpy()</span></code></a>·or·<a·class="reference·internal"·href="../reference/api/pandas.Index.to_numpy.html#pandas.Index.to_numpy"·title="pandas.Index.to_numpy"><code·class="xref·py·py-meth·docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">Index.to_numpy()</span></code></a>.</p>	228	<p>If·you·need·an·actual·NumPy·array,·use·<a·class="reference·internal"·href="../reference/api/pandas.Series.to_numpy.html#pandas.Series.to_numpy"·title="pandas.Series.to_numpy"><code·class="xref·py·py-meth·docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">Series.to_numpy()</span></code></a>·or·<a·class="reference·internal"·href="../reference/api/pandas.Index.to_numpy.html#pandas.Index.to_numpy"·title="pandas.Index.to_numpy"><code·class="xref·py·py-meth·docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">Index.to_numpy()</span></code></a>.</p>
229	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[21]:·</span><span·class="n">idx</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">to_numpy</span><span·class="p">()</span>	229	<div·class="highlight-ipython·notranslate"><div·class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span·class="gp">In·[21]:·</span><span·class="n">idx</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">to_numpy</span><span·class="p">()</span>
230	<span·class="gh">Out[21]:·</span><span·class="go"></span>	230	<span·class="gh">Out[21]:·</span><span·class="go"></span>
231	<span·class="go">array([Period('2000-01-01',·'D'),·Period('2000-01-02',·'D'),</span>	231	<span·class="go">array([Period('2000-01-01',·'D'),·Period('2000-01-02',·'D'),</span>
232	<span·class="go">·······Period('2000-01-03',·'D'),·Period('2000-01-04',·'D')],·dtype=object)</span>	232	<span·class="go">·······Period('2000-01-03',·'D'),·Period('2000-01-04',·'D')],·dtype=object)</span>
Offset 465, 15 lines modified		Offset 465, 15 lines modified

465	<span·class="gp">In·[47]:·</span><span·class="k">def</span>·<span·class="nf">format_and_align</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">styler</span><span·class="p">):</span>	465	<span·class="gp">In·[47]:·</span><span·class="k">def</span>·<span·class="nf">format_and_align</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">styler</span><span·class="p">):</span>
466	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span>····<span·class="k">return</span>·<span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">styler</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">format</span><span·class="p">({</span><span·class="s1">'N'</span><span·class="p">:</span>·<span·class="s1">'</span><span·class="si">{:,}</span><span·class="s1">'</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="s1">'X'</span><span·class="p">:</span>·<span·class="s1">'</span><span·class="si">{:.1%}</span><span·class="s1">'</span><span·class="p">})</span>	466	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span>····<span·class="k">return</span>·<span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">styler</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">format</span><span·class="p">({</span><span·class="s1">'N'</span><span·class="p">:</span>·<span·class="s1">'</span><span·class="si">{:,}</span><span·class="s1">'</span><span·class="p">,</span>·<span·class="s1">'X'</span><span·class="p">:</span>·<span·class="s1">'</span><span·class="si">{:.1%}</span><span·class="s1">'</span><span·class="p">})</span>
467	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span>··················<span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">set_properties</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="o">**</span><span·class="p">{</span><span·class="s1">'text-align'</span><span·class="p">:</span>·<span·class="s1">'right'</span><span·class="p">}))</span>	467	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span>··················<span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">set_properties</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="o">**</span><span·class="p">{</span><span·class="s1">'text-align'</span><span·class="p">:</span>·<span·class="s1">'right'</span><span·class="p">}))</span>
468	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span>	468	<span·class="gp">···....:·</span>

469	<span·class="gp">In·[48]:·</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">style</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">pipe</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">format_and_align</span><span·class="p">)</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">set_caption</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="s1">'Summary·of·results.'</span><span·class="p">)</span>	469	<span·class="gp">In·[48]:·</span><span·class="n">df</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">style</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">pipe</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="n">format_and_align</span><span·class="p">)</span><span·class="o">.</span><span·class="n">set_caption</span><span·class="p">(</span><span·class="s1">'Summary·of·results.'</span><span·class="p">)</span>
470	<span·class="gh">Out[48]:·</span><span·class="go"><pandas.io.formats.style.Styler·at·0x~~e0b5f2f~~8></span>	470	<span·class="gh">Out[48]:·</span><span·class="go"><pandas.io.formats.style.Styler·at·0x9b96a3b8></span>
471	</pre></div>	471	</pre></div>
472	</div>	472	</div>
473	<p>Similar·methods·already·exist·for·other·classes·in·pandas,·including·<a·class="reference·internal"·href="../reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.pipe.html#pandas.DataFrame.pipe"·title="pandas.DataFrame.pipe"><code·class="xref·py·py-meth·docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">DataFrame.pipe()</span></code></a>,	473	<p>Similar·methods·already·exist·for·other·classes·in·pandas,·including·<a·class="reference·internal"·href="../reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.pipe.html#pandas.DataFrame.pipe"·title="pandas.DataFrame.pipe"><code·class="xref·py·py-meth·docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">DataFrame.pipe()</span></code></a>,
474	<a·class="reference·internal"·href="../reference/api/pandas.core.groupby.GroupBy.pipe.html#pandas.core.groupby.GroupBy.pipe"·title="pandas.core.groupby.GroupBy.pipe"><code·class="xref·py·py-meth·docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">GroupBy.pipe()</span></code></a>,·and·<a·class="reference·internal"·href="../reference/api/pandas.core.resample.Resampler.pipe.html#pandas.core.resample.Resampler.pipe"·title="pandas.core.resample.Resampler.pipe"><code·class="xref·py·py-meth·docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">Resampler.pipe()</span></code></a>.</p>	474	<a·class="reference·internal"·href="../reference/api/pandas.core.groupby.GroupBy.pipe.html#pandas.core.groupby.GroupBy.pipe"·title="pandas.core.groupby.GroupBy.pipe"><code·class="xref·py·py-meth·docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">GroupBy.pipe()</span></code></a>,·and·<a·class="reference·internal"·href="../reference/api/pandas.core.resample.Resampler.pipe.html#pandas.core.resample.Resampler.pipe"·title="pandas.core.resample.Resampler.pipe"><code·class="xref·py·py-meth·docutils·literal·notranslate"><span·class="pre">Resampler.pipe()</span></code></a>.</p>
475	</div>	475	</div>
476	<div·class="section"·id="renaming-names-in-a-multiindex">	476	<div·class="section"·id="renaming-names-in-a-multiindex">
477	<span·id="whatsnew-0240-enhancements-rename-axis"></span><h3>Renaming·names·in·a·MultiIndex<a·class="headerlink"·href="#renaming-names-in-a-multiindex"·title="Permalink·to·this·headline">¶</a></h3>	477	<span·id="whatsnew-0240-enhancements-rename-axis"></span><h3>Renaming·names·in·a·MultiIndex<a·class="headerlink"·href="#renaming-names-in-a-multiindex"·title="Permalink·to·this·headline">¶</a></h3>